[html5] r2756 - [] (0) Filling in the rendering section: hook up the semantics to the rendering.

whatwg at whatwg.org whatwg at whatwg.org
Wed Feb 4 14:34:39 PST 2009


Author: ianh
Date: 2009-02-04 14:34:38 -0800 (Wed, 04 Feb 2009)
New Revision: 2756

Modified:
   index
   source
Log:
[] (0) Filling in the rendering section: hook up the semantics to the rendering.

Modified: index
===================================================================
--- index	2009-02-04 12:52:53 UTC (rev 2755)
+++ index	2009-02-04 22:34:38 UTC (rev 2756)
@@ -6741,8 +6741,9 @@
   those documents are in another context (e.g. inside an XSLT
   transform).</p>
 
-  <p>Elements in the DOM represent things; that is, they have
-  intrinsic <em>meaning</em>, also known as semantics.</p>
+  <p>Elements in the DOM <a href=#represents title=represents>represent</a>
+  things; that is, they have intrinsic <em>meaning</em>, also known as
+  semantics.</p>
 
   <p class=example>For example, an <code><a href=#the-ol-element>ol</a></code> element
   represents an ordered list.</p>
@@ -6908,11 +6909,10 @@
 
   <h5 id=the-id-attribute><span class=secno>3.3.3.1 </span>The <dfn title=attr-id><code>id</code></dfn> attribute</h5>
 
-  <p>The <code title=attr-id><a href=#the-id-attribute>id</a></code> attribute represents its
-  element's unique identifier. The value must be unique in the
-  element's <a href=#home-subtree>home subtree</a> and must contain at least one
-  character. The value must not contain any <a href=#space-character title="space
-  character">space characters</a>.</p>
+  <p>The <code title=attr-id><a href=#the-id-attribute>id</a></code> attribute
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> its element's unique identifier. The value
+  must be unique in the element's <a href=#home-subtree>home subtree</a> and must
+  contain at least one character. The value must not contain any <a href=#space-character title="space character">space characters</a>.</p>
 
   <!-- space characters are disallowed because space-separated lists
   of IDs otherwise would not be able to reach all valid IDs -->
@@ -6938,13 +6938,14 @@
 
   <h5 id=the-title-attribute><span class=secno>3.3.3.2 </span>The <dfn title=attr-title><code>title</code></dfn> attribute</h5>
 
-  <p>The <code title=attr-title><a href=#the-title-attribute>title</a></code> attribute represents
-  advisory information for the element, such as would be appropriate
-  for a tooltip. On a link, this could be the title or a description
-  of the target resource; on an image, it could be the image credit or
-  a description of the image; on a paragraph, it could be a footnote
-  or commentary on the text; on a citation, it could be further
-  information about the source; and so forth. The value is text.</p>
+  <p>The <code title=attr-title><a href=#the-title-attribute>title</a></code> attribute
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> advisory information for the element, such
+  as would be appropriate for a tooltip. On a link, this could be the
+  title or a description of the target resource; on an image, it could
+  be the image credit or a description of the image; on a paragraph,
+  it could be a footnote or commentary on the text; on a citation, it
+  could be further information about the source; and so forth. The
+  value is text.</p>
 
   <p>If this attribute is omitted from an element, then it implies
   that the <code title=attr-title><a href=#the-title-attribute>title</a></code> attribute of the
@@ -6981,10 +6982,11 @@
   is, the <code title="">lang</code> attribute with the <code title="">xml</code> prefix in the <code title="">http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace</code> namespace) is
   defined in XML. <a href=#refsXML>[XML]</a></p>
 
-  <p>If these attributes are omitted from an element, then it implies
-  that the language of this element is the same as the language of the
-  parent element. Setting the attribute to the empty string indicates
-  that the primary language is unknown.</p>
+  <p>If these attributes are omitted from an element, then the
+  language of this element is the same as the language of its parent
+  element, if any. Setting the attribute to the empty string indicates
+  that the primary language is unknown.</p> <!-- UA conformance
+  requires for this are below -->
 
   <p>The <code title=attr-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>lang</a></code> attribute may be used on
   any <a href=#html-elements title="HTML elements">HTML element</a>.</p>
@@ -7068,9 +7070,10 @@
   defaults.</p>
 
   <p>The processing of this attribute is primarily performed by the
-  presentation layer. For example, CSS 2.1 defines a mapping from this
-  attribute to the CSS 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties, and
-  defines rendering in terms of those properties.</p>
+  presentation layer. For example, the rendering section in this
+  specification defines a mapping from this attribute to the CSS
+  'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties, and CSS defines rendering
+  in terms of those properties.</p>
 
   <p><dfn id=the-directionality>The directionality</dfn> of an element, which is used in
   particular by the <code><a href=#the-canvas-element>canvas</a></code> element's text rendering API,
@@ -8421,8 +8424,8 @@
 };</pre>
    </dd>
 -->
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-html-element>html</a></code> element represents the root of an HTML
-  document.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-html-element>html</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the root of
+  an HTML document.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-html-manifest title=attr-html-manifest><code>manifest</code></dfn>
   attribute gives the address of the document's <a href=#application-cache>application
@@ -8455,8 +8458,8 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-head-element>head</a></code> element collects the document's
-  metadata.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-head-element>head</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  collection of metadata for the <code>Document</code>.</p>
 
 
   <h4 id=the-title-element><span class=secno>4.2.2 </span>The <dfn><code>title</code></dfn> element</h4>
@@ -8471,12 +8474,13 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-title-element>title</a></code> element represents the document's title or
-  name. Authors should use titles that identify their documents even
-  when they are used out of context, for example in a user's history
-  or bookmarks, or in search results. The document's title is often
-  different from its first header, since the first header does not
-  have to stand alone when taken out of context.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-title-element>title</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+  document's title or name. Authors should use titles that identify
+  their documents even when they are used out of context, for example
+  in a user's history or bookmarks, or in search results. The
+  document's title is often different from its first header, since the
+  first header does not have to stand alone when taken out of
+  context.</p>
 
   <p>There must be no more than one <code><a href=#the-title-element>title</a></code> element per
   document.</p>
@@ -8534,7 +8538,8 @@
   </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-base-element>base</a></code> element allows authors to specify the
   <a href=#document-base-url>document base URL</a> for the purposes of <a href=#resolve-a-url title="resolve a url">resolving relative URLs</a>, and the name
   of the default <a href=#browsing-context>browsing context</a> for the purposes of
-  <a href=#following-hyperlinks>following hyperlinks</a>.</p>
+  <a href=#following-hyperlinks>following hyperlinks</a>. The element does not <a href=#represents title=represents>represent</a> any content beyond this
+  information.</p>
 
   <p>There must be no more than one <code><a href=#the-base-element>base</a></code> element per
   document.</p>
@@ -8608,16 +8613,16 @@
   </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-link-element>link</a></code> element allows authors to link their
   document to other resources.</p>
 
-  <p>The destination of the link is given by the <dfn id=attr-link-href title=attr-link-href><code>href</code></dfn> attribute, which must
+  <p>The destination of the link(s) is given by the <dfn id=attr-link-href title=attr-link-href><code>href</code></dfn> attribute, which must
   be present and must contain a <a href=#valid-url>valid URL</a>. If the <code title=attr-link-href><a href=#attr-link-href>href</a></code> attribute is absent, then the
   element does not define a link.</p>
 
-  <p>The type of link indicated (the relationship) is given by the
+  <p>The types of link indicated (the relationships) are given by the
   value of the <dfn id=attr-link-rel title=attr-link-rel><code>rel</code></dfn>
   attribute, which must be present, and must have a value that is a
   <a href=#set-of-space-separated-tokens>set of space-separated tokens</a>. The <a href=#linkTypes>allowed values and their meanings</a> are defined
   in a later section. If the <code title=attr-link-rel><a href=#attr-link-rel>rel</a></code>
-  attribute is absent, or if the value used is not allowed according
+  attribute is absent, or if the values used are not allowed according
   to the definitions in this specification, then the element does not
   define a link.</p>
 
@@ -8861,10 +8866,10 @@
            attribute DOMString <a href=#dom-meta-httpequiv title=dom-meta-httpEquiv>httpEquiv</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#meta>meta</a></code> element represents various kinds of
-  metadata that cannot be expressed using the <code><a href=#the-title-element>title</a></code>,
-  <code><a href=#the-base-element>base</a></code>, <code><a href=#the-link-element>link</a></code>, <code><a href=#the-style-element>style</a></code>, and
-  <code><a href=#script>script</a></code> elements.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#meta>meta</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> various
+  kinds of metadata that cannot be expressed using the
+  <code><a href=#the-title-element>title</a></code>, <code><a href=#the-base-element>base</a></code>, <code><a href=#the-link-element>link</a></code>,
+  <code><a href=#the-style-element>style</a></code>, and <code><a href=#script>script</a></code> elements.</p>
 
   <p>The <code><a href=#meta>meta</a></code> element can represent document-level
   metadata with the <code title=attr-meta-name><a href=#attr-meta-name>name</a></code>
@@ -9461,7 +9466,7 @@
   </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-style-element>style</a></code> element allows authors to embed style
   information in their documents. The <code><a href=#the-style-element>style</a></code> element is
   one of several inputs to the <a href=#styling>styling processing
-  model</a>.</p>
+  model</a>. The element does not <a href=#represents title=represents>represent</a> content for the user.</p>
 
   <p>If the <dfn id=attr-style-type title=attr-style-type><code>type</code></dfn>
   attribute is given, it must contain a valid MIME type, optionally
@@ -9669,7 +9674,8 @@
 };</pre>
    </dd>
   </dl><p>The <code><a href=#script>script</a></code> element allows authors to include dynamic
-  script and data blocks in their documents.</p>
+  script and data blocks in their documents.  The element does not
+  <a href=#represents title=represents>represent</a> content for the user.</p>
 
   <p>When used to include dynamic scripts, the scripts may either be
   embedded inline or may be imported from an external file using the
@@ -10239,10 +10245,12 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-noscript-element>noscript</a></code> element does not represent anything. It
-  is used to present different markup to user agents that support
-  scripting and those that don't support scripting, by affecting how
-  the document is parsed.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-noscript-element>noscript</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> nothing
+  if <a href=#concept-n-script title=concept-n-script>scripting is enabled</a>, and
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> its children if <a href=#concept-n-noscript title=concept-n-noscript>scripting is disabled</a>. It is used
+  to present different markup to user agents that support scripting
+  and those that don't support scripting, by affecting how the
+  document is parsed.</p>
 
   <p>When used in <a href=#html-documents>HTML documents</a>, the allowed content
   model is as follows:</p>
@@ -10254,7 +10262,7 @@
    <code><a href=#the-link-element>link</a></code>, <code><a href=#the-style-element>style</a></code>, and <code><a href=#meta>meta</a></code>
    elements.</dd>
 
-   <dt>In a <code><a href=#the-head-element>head</a></code> element, if <a href=#concept-n-noscript title=concept-n-noscript>scripting is enabled</a> for the
+   <dt>In a <code><a href=#the-head-element>head</a></code> element, if <a href=#concept-n-script title=concept-n-script>scripting is enabled</a> for the
    <code><a href=#the-noscript-element>noscript</a></code> element</dt>
 
    <dd><p>The <code><a href=#the-noscript-element>noscript</a></code> element must contain only text,
@@ -10273,7 +10281,7 @@
    element as an ancestor (that is, <code><a href=#the-noscript-element>noscript</a></code> can't be
    nested).</dd>
 
-   <dt>Outside of <code><a href=#the-head-element>head</a></code> elements, if <a href=#concept-n-noscript title=concept-n-noscript>scripting is enabled</a> for the
+   <dt>Outside of <code><a href=#the-head-element>head</a></code> elements, if <a href=#concept-n-script title=concept-n-script>scripting is enabled</a> for the
    <code><a href=#the-noscript-element>noscript</a></code> element</dt>
 
    <dd>
@@ -10368,8 +10376,8 @@
            attribute DOMString <a href=#dom-eventsource-src title=dom-eventsource-src>src</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-eventsource-element>eventsource</a></code> element represents a target for
-  events generated by a remote server.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-eventsource-element>eventsource</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  target for events generated by a remote server.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-eventsource-src title=attr-eventsource-src><code>src</code></dfn>
   attribute, if specified, must give a <a href=#valid-url>valid URL</a>
@@ -10492,8 +10500,8 @@
            attribute <a href=#function>Function</a> <a href=#handler-window-onunload title=handler-window-onunload>onunload</a>;
 };</pre>
 </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-body-element>body</a></code> element represents the main content of the
-  document.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-body-element>body</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the main
+  content of the document.</p>
 
   <p>In conforming documents, there is only one <code><a href=#the-body-element>body</a></code>
   element. The <code title=dom-document-body><a href=#dom-document-body>document.body</a></code>
@@ -10549,10 +10557,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-section-element>section</a></code> element represents a generic document or
-  application section. A section, in this context, is a thematic
-  grouping of content, typically with a header, possibly with a
-  footer.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-section-element>section</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  generic document or application section. A section, in this context,
+  is a thematic grouping of content, typically with a header, possibly
+  with a footer.</p>
 
   <p class=example>Examples of sections would be chapters, the
   various tabbed pages in a tabbed dialog box, or the numbered
@@ -10597,14 +10605,14 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-nav-element>nav</a></code> element represents a section of a page that
-  links to other pages or to parts within the page: a section with
-  navigation links. Not all groups of links on a page need to be in a
-  <code><a href=#the-nav-element>nav</a></code> element — only sections that consist of
-  primary navigation blocks are appropriate for the <code><a href=#the-nav-element>nav</a></code>
-  element. In particular, it is common for footers to have a list of
-  links to various key parts of a site, but the <code><a href=#the-footer-element>footer</a></code>
-  element is more appropriate in such cases.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-nav-element>nav</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a section of
+  a page that links to other pages or to parts within the page: a
+  section with navigation links. Not all groups of links on a page
+  need to be in a <code><a href=#the-nav-element>nav</a></code> element — only sections that
+  consist of primary navigation blocks are appropriate for the
+  <code><a href=#the-nav-element>nav</a></code> element. In particular, it is common for footers to
+  have a list of links to various key parts of a site, but the
+  <code><a href=#the-footer-element>footer</a></code> element is more appropriate in such cases.</p>
 
   <div class=example>
 
@@ -10657,11 +10665,12 @@
 -->
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-article-element>article</a></code> element represents a section of a page
-  that consists of a composition that forms an independent part of a
-  document, page, or site. This could be a forum post, a magazine or
-  newspaper article, a Web log entry, a user-submitted comment, or any
-  other independent item of content.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-article-element>article</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  section of a page that consists of a composition that forms an
+  independent part of a document, page, or site. This could be a forum
+  post, a magazine or newspaper article, a Web log entry, a
+  user-submitted comment, or any other independent item of
+  content.</p>
 
   <p class=note>An <code><a href=#the-article-element>article</a></code> element is "independent" in
   that its contents could stand alone, for example in syndication.
@@ -10698,11 +10707,11 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-aside-element>aside</a></code> element represents a section of a page
-  that consists of content that is tangentially related to the content
-  around the <code><a href=#the-aside-element>aside</a></code> element, and which could be considered
-  separate from that content. Such sections are often represented as
-  sidebars in printed typography.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-aside-element>aside</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a section
+  of a page that consists of content that is tangentially related to
+  the content around the <code><a href=#the-aside-element>aside</a></code> element, and which could
+  be considered separate from that content. Such sections are often
+  represented as sidebars in printed typography.</p>
 
   <div class=example>
 
@@ -10790,13 +10799,13 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-header-element>header</a></code> element represents the header of a
-  section. The element is typically used to group a set of
-  <code><a href=#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements>h1</a></code>–<code><a href=#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements>h6</a></code> elements to mark up a page's title
-  with its subtitle or tagline. However, <code><a href=#the-header-element>header</a></code> elements
-  may contain more than just the section's headings and subheadings
-  — for example it would be reasonable for the header to include
-  version history information.
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-header-element>header</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+  header of a section. The element is typically used to group a set of
+  <code><a href=#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements>h1</a></code>–<code><a href=#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements>h6</a></code> elements to mark up a page's
+  title with its subtitle or tagline. However, <code><a href=#the-header-element>header</a></code>
+  elements may contain more than just the section's headings and
+  subheadings — for example it would be reasonable for the
+  header to include version history information.
 
   <p>For the purposes of document summaries, outlines, and the like,
   the text of <code><a href=#the-header-element>header</a></code> elements is defined to be the text
@@ -10875,10 +10884,11 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-footer-element>footer</a></code> element represents a footer for the
-  section it <a href=#applyToSection>applies</a> to. A footer
-  typically contains information about its section such as who wrote
-  it, links to related documents, copyright data, and the like.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-footer-element>footer</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a footer
+  for the section it <a href=#applyToSection>applies</a> to. A
+  footer typically contains information about its section such as who
+  wrote it, links to related documents, copyright data, and the
+  like.</p>
 
   <p>Contact information for the section given in a
   <code><a href=#the-footer-element>footer</a></code> should be marked up using the
@@ -10926,10 +10936,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-address-element>address</a></code> element represents the contact
-  information for the section it <a href=#applyToSection>applies</a>
-  to. If it applies to <a href=#the-body-element-0>the body element</a>, then it instead
-  applies to the document as a whole.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-address-element>address</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+  contact information for the section it <a href=#applyToSection>applies</a> to. If it applies to <a href=#the-body-element-0>the
+  body element</a>, then it instead applies to the document as a
+  whole.</p>
 
   <div class=example>
    <p>For example, a page at the W3C Web site related to HTML might
@@ -10980,10 +10990,12 @@
   <code><a href=#the-header-element>header</a></code> element are headings.</p>
 
   <p>The first element of <a href=#heading-content-0>heading content</a> in an element
-  of <a href=#sectioning-content-0>sectioning content</a> gives the header for that
-  section. Subsequent headers of equal or higher <a href=#rank>rank</a>
-  start new (implied) sections, headers of lower <a href=#rank>rank</a>
-  start subsections that are part of the previous one.</p>
+  of <a href=#sectioning-content-0>sectioning content</a> <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+  header for that section. Subsequent headers of equal or higher
+  <a href=#rank>rank</a> start new (implied) sections, headers of lower
+  <a href=#rank>rank</a> start implied subsections that are part of the
+  previous one. In both cases, the element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+  header of the implied section.</p>
 
   <p><a href=#sectioning-content-0>Sectioning content</a> elements are always considered
   subsections of their nearest ancestor element of <a href=#sectioning-content-0>sectioning
@@ -11432,7 +11444,7 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-p-element>p</a></code> element represents a
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-p-element>p</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
   <a href=#paragraph>paragraph</a>.</p>
 
   <div class=example>
@@ -11501,7 +11513,7 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-hr-element>hr</a></code> element represents a
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-hr-element>hr</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
   <a href=#paragraph>paragraph</a>-level thematic break, e.g. a scene change in
   a story, or a transition to another topic within a section of a
   reference book.</p>
@@ -11520,7 +11532,8 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-br-element>br</a></code> element represents a line break.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-br-element>br</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a line
+  break.</p>
 
   <p><code><a href=#the-br-element>br</a></code> elements must be empty. Any content inside
   <code><a href=#the-br-element>br</a></code> elements must not be considered part of the
@@ -11588,9 +11601,9 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-pre-element>pre</a></code> element represents a block of preformatted
-  text, in which structure is represented by typographic conventions
-  rather than by elements.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-pre-element>pre</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a block of
+  preformatted text, in which structure is represented by typographic
+  conventions rather than by elements.</p>
 
   <p class=note><strong>In the <span title="">HTML
   serialization</span><!-- XXX xref -->, a leading newline character
@@ -11684,7 +11697,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dialog-element>dialog</a></code> element represents a conversation.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dialog-element>dialog</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  conversation, meeting minutes, a chat transcript, a dialog in a
+  screenplay, an instant message log, or some other construct in which
+  different players take turns in discourse.</p>
 
   <p>Each part of the conversation must have an explicit talker (or
   speaker) given by a <code><a href=#the-dt-element>dt</a></code> element, and a discourse (or
@@ -11743,8 +11759,8 @@
     <p class=note>The <code><a href=#htmlquoteelement>HTMLQuoteElement</a></code> interface is
     also used by the <code><a href=#the-q-element>q</a></code> element.</p>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-blockquote-element>blockquote</a></code> element represents a section that is
-  quoted from another source.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-blockquote-element>blockquote</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  section that is quoted from another source.</p>
 
   <p>Content inside a <code><a href=#the-blockquote-element>blockquote</a></code> must be quoted from
   another source, whose address, if it has one, should be cited in the
@@ -11799,9 +11815,9 @@
            attribute long <a href=#dom-ol-start title=dom-ol-start>start</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-ol-element>ol</a></code> element represents a list of items, where the
-  items have been intentionally ordered, such that changing the order
-  would change the meaning of the document.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-ol-element>ol</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a list of
+  items, where the items have been intentionally ordered, such that
+  changing the order would change the meaning of the document.</p>
 
   <p>The items of the list are the <code><a href=#the-li-element>li</a></code> element child nodes
   of the <code><a href=#the-ol-element>ol</a></code> element, in <a href=#tree-order>tree order</a>.</p>
@@ -11890,10 +11906,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-ul-element>ul</a></code> element represents a list of items, where the
-  order of the items is not important — that is, where changing
-  the order would not materially change the meaning of the
-  document.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-ul-element>ul</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a list of
+  items, where the order of the items is not important — that
+  is, where changing the order would not materially change the meaning
+  of the document.</p>
 
   <p>The items of the list are the <code><a href=#the-li-element>li</a></code> element child nodes
   of the <code><a href=#the-ul-element>ul</a></code> element.</p>
@@ -11950,12 +11966,12 @@
            attribute long <a href=#dom-li-value title=dom-li-value>value</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-li-element>li</a></code> element represents a list item. If its parent
-  element is an <code><a href=#the-ol-element>ol</a></code>, <code><a href=#the-ul-element>ul</a></code>, or <code><a href=#menus>menu</a></code>
-  element, then the element is an item of the parent element's list,
-  as defined for those elements. Otherwise, the list item has no
-  defined list-related relationship to any other <code><a href=#the-li-element>li</a></code>
-  element.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-li-element>li</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a list
+  item. If its parent element is an <code><a href=#the-ol-element>ol</a></code>, <code><a href=#the-ul-element>ul</a></code>,
+  or <code><a href=#menus>menu</a></code> element, then the element is an item of the
+  parent element's list, as defined for those elements. Otherwise, the
+  list item has no defined list-related relationship to any other
+  <code><a href=#the-li-element>li</a></code> element.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-li-value title=attr-li-value><code>value</code></dfn>
   attribute, if present, must be a <a href=#valid-integer>valid integer</a> giving
@@ -12039,11 +12055,11 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dl-element>dl</a></code> element introduces an association list
-  consisting of zero or more name-value groups (a description
-  list). Each group must consist of one or more names (<code><a href=#the-dt-element>dt</a></code>
-  elements) followed by one or more values (<code><a href=#the-dd-element>dd</a></code>
-  elements).</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dl-element>dl</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> an
+  association list consisting of zero or more name-value groups (a
+  description list). Each group must consist of one or more names
+  (<code><a href=#the-dt-element>dt</a></code> elements) followed by one or more values
+  (<code><a href=#the-dd-element>dd</a></code> elements).</p>
 
   <p>Name-value groups may be terms and definitions, metadata topics
   and values, or any other groups of name-value data.</p>
@@ -12182,10 +12198,11 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dt-element>dt</a></code> element represents the term, or name, part of
-  a term-description group in a description list (<code><a href=#the-dl-element>dl</a></code>
-  element), and the talker, or speaker, part of a talker-discourse
-  pair in a conversation (<code><a href=#the-dialog-element>dialog</a></code> element).</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dt-element>dt</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the term, or
+  name, part of a term-description group in a description list
+  (<code><a href=#the-dl-element>dl</a></code> element), and the talker, or speaker, part of a
+  talker-discourse pair in a conversation (<code><a href=#the-dialog-element>dialog</a></code>
+  element).</p>
 
   <p class=note>The <code><a href=#the-dt-element>dt</a></code> element itself, when used in a
   <code><a href=#the-dl-element>dl</a></code> element, does not indicate that its contents are a
@@ -12232,10 +12249,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dd-element>dd</a></code> element represents the description,
-  definition, or value, part of a term-description group in a
-  description list (<code><a href=#the-dl-element>dl</a></code> element), and the discourse, or
-  quote, part in a conversation (<code><a href=#the-dialog-element>dialog</a></code> element).</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dd-element>dd</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+  description, definition, or value, part of a term-description group
+  in a description list (<code><a href=#the-dl-element>dl</a></code> element), and the discourse,
+  or quote, part in a conversation (<code><a href=#the-dialog-element>dialog</a></code> element).</p>
 
   <div class=example>
 
@@ -12352,11 +12369,12 @@
     this element.</p>
    </dd>
   </dl><p>If the <code><a href=#the-a-element>a</a></code> element has an <code title=attr-hyperlink-href><a href=#attr-hyperlink-href>href</a></code> attribute, then it
-  represents a <a href=#hyperlink>hyperlink</a>.</p>
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> a <a href=#hyperlink>hyperlink</a> (a hypertext
+  anchor).</p>
 
   <p>If the <code><a href=#the-a-element>a</a></code> element has no <code title=attr-hyperlink-href><a href=#attr-hyperlink-href>href</a></code> attribute, then the element
-  is a placeholder for where a link might otherwise have been placed,
-  if it had been relevant.</p>
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> a placeholder for where a link might
+  otherwise have been placed, if it had been relevant.</p>
 
   <p>The <code title=attr-hyperlink-target><a href=#attr-hyperlink-target>target</a></code>, <code title=attr-hyperlink-ping><a href=#ping>ping</a></code>, <code title=attr-hyperlink-rel><a href=#attr-hyperlink-rel>rel</a></code>, <code title=attr-hyperlink-media><a href=#attr-hyperlink-media>media</a></code>, <code title=attr-hyperlink-hreflang><a href=#attr-hyperlink-hreflang>hreflang</a></code>, and <code title=attr-hyperlink-type><a href=#attr-hyperlink-type>type</a></code> attributes must be omitted
   if the <code title=attr-hyperlink-href><a href=#attr-hyperlink-href>href</a></code> attribute is
@@ -12476,8 +12494,8 @@
    <dd>
     The <code><a href=#the-q-element>q</a></code> element uses the <code><a href=#htmlquoteelement>HTMLQuoteElement</a></code> interface.
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-q-element>q</a></code> element represents some <a href=#phrasing-content-0 title="phrasing
-  content">phrasing content</a> quoted from another source.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-q-element>q</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> some <a href=#phrasing-content-0 title="phrasing content">phrasing content</a> quoted from another
+  source.</p>
 
   <p>Quotation punctuation (such as quotation marks) must not appear
   immediately before, after, or inside <code><a href=#the-q-element>q</a></code> elements; they
@@ -12575,8 +12593,8 @@
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
    <!-- XXX should the cite element have a cite attribute? -->
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-cite-element>cite</a></code> element represents the title of a work
-  (e.g.
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-cite-element>cite</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the title
+  of a work (e.g.
   a book,
   a paper,
   an essay,
@@ -12695,8 +12713,8 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-em-element>em</a></code> element represents stress emphasis of its
-  contents.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-em-element>em</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> stress
+  emphasis of its contents.</p>
 
   <p>The level of emphasis that a particular piece of content has is
   given by its number of ancestor <code><a href=#the-em-element>em</a></code> elements.</p>
@@ -12770,8 +12788,8 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-strong-element>strong</a></code> element represents strong importance for
-  its contents.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-strong-element>strong</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> strong
+  importance for its contents.</p>
 
   <p>The relative level of importance of a piece of content is given
   by its number of ancestor <code><a href=#the-strong-element>strong</a></code> elements; each
@@ -12807,9 +12825,9 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-small-element>small</a></code> element represents small print (part of a
-  document often describing legal restrictions, such as copyrights or
-  other disadvantages), or other side comments.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-small-element>small</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> small
+  print (part of a document often describing legal restrictions, such
+  as copyrights or other disadvantages), or other side comments.</p>
 
   <p class=note>The <code><a href=#the-small-element>small</a></code> element does not
   "de-emphasize" or lower the importance of text emphasised by the
@@ -12858,24 +12876,18 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-mark-element>mark</a></code> element represents a run of text in one
-  document marked or highlighted for reference purposes, due to its
-  relevance in another context. When used in a quotation or other
-  block of text referred to from the prose, it indicates a highlight
-  that was not originally present but which has been added to bring
-  the reader's attention to a part of the text that might not have
-  been considered important by the original author when the block was
-  originally written, but which is now under previously unexpected
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-mark-element>mark</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a run of
+  text in one document marked or highlighted for reference purposes,
+  due to its relevance in another context. When used in a quotation or
+  other block of text referred to from the prose, it indicates a
+  highlight that was not originally present but which has been added
+  to bring the reader's attention to a part of the text that might not
+  have been considered important by the original author when the block
+  was originally written, but which is now under previously unexpected
   scrutiny. When used in the main prose of a document, it indicates a
   part of the document that has been highlighted due to its likely
   relevance to the user's current activity.</p>
 
-  <p class=XXX>The rendering section will eventually suggest
-  that user agents provide a way to let users jump between
-  <code><a href=#the-mark-element>mark</a></code> elements. Suggested rendering is a neon yellow
-  background highlight, though UAs maybe should allow this to be
-  toggled.</p>
-
   <div class=example>
    <p>This example shows how the <code><a href=#the-mark-element>mark</a></code> example can be used
    to bring attention to a particular part of a quotation:</p>
@@ -13001,12 +13013,12 @@
    <dd>Also, the <code title=attr-dfn-title><a href=#attr-dfn-title>title</a></code> attribute has special semantics on this element.</dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dfn-element>dfn</a></code> element represents the defining instance of
-  a term. The <a href=#paragraph title=paragraph>paragraph</a>, <a href=#the-dl-element title=dl>description list group</a>, or <a href=#sectioning-content-0 title="sectioning
-  content">section</a> that is the nearest ancestor of the
-  <code><a href=#the-dfn-element>dfn</a></code> element must also contain the definition(s) for the
-  <a href=#defining-term title="defining term">term</a> given by the
-  <code><a href=#the-dfn-element>dfn</a></code> element.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-dfn-element>dfn</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the defining
+  instance of a term. The <a href=#paragraph title=paragraph>paragraph</a>,
+  <a href=#the-dl-element title=dl>description list group</a>, or <a href=#sectioning-content-0 title="sectioning content">section</a> that is the nearest
+  ancestor of the <code><a href=#the-dfn-element>dfn</a></code> element must also contain the
+  definition(s) for the <a href=#defining-term title="defining term">term</a> given
+  by the <code><a href=#the-dfn-element>dfn</a></code> element.</p>
 
   <p><dfn id=defining-term>Defining term</dfn>: If the <code><a href=#the-dfn-element>dfn</a></code> element has a
   <dfn id=attr-dfn-title title=attr-dfn-title><code>title</code></dfn> attribute, then
@@ -13069,8 +13081,8 @@
    <dd>Also, the <code title=attr-abbr-title><a href=#attr-abbr-title>title</a></code> attribute has special semantics on this element.</dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-abbr-element>abbr</a></code> element represents an abbreviation or
-  acronym, optionally with its expansion. The <dfn id=attr-abbr-title title=attr-abbr-title><code>title</code></dfn> attribute may be
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-abbr-element>abbr</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> an
+  abbreviation or acronym, optionally with its expansion. The <dfn id=attr-abbr-title title=attr-abbr-title><code>title</code></dfn> attribute may be
   used to provide an expansion of the abbreviation. The attribute, if
   specified, must contain an expansion of the abbreviation, and
   nothing else.</p>
@@ -13187,8 +13199,8 @@
   readonly attribute <a href=#domtimestamp>DOMTimeStamp</a> <a href=#dom-time-timezone title=dom-time-timezone>timezone</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-time-element>time</a></code> element represents a precise date and/or a
-  time in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. <a href=#refsGREGORIAN>[GREGORIAN]</a></p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-time-element>time</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a precise
+  date and/or a time in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. <a href=#refsGREGORIAN>[GREGORIAN]</a></p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-time-datetime title=attr-time-datetime><code>datetime</code></dfn>
   attribute, if present, must contain a <a href=#valid-date-or-time-string>valid date or time
@@ -13309,13 +13321,13 @@
   readonly attribute float <a href=#dom-progress-position title=dom-progress-position>position</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-progress-element>progress</a></code> element represents the completion
-  progress of a task. The progress is either indeterminate, indicating
-  that progress is being made but that it is not clear how much more
-  work remains to be done before the task is complete (e.g. because
-  the task is waiting for a remote host to respond), or the progress
-  is a number in the range zero to a maximum, giving the fraction of
-  work that has so far been completed.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-progress-element>progress</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+  completion progress of a task. The progress is either indeterminate,
+  indicating that progress is being made but that it is not clear how
+  much more work remains to be done before the task is complete
+  (e.g. because the task is waiting for a remote host to respond), or
+  the progress is a number in the range zero to a maximum, giving the
+  fraction of work that has so far been completed.</p>
 
   <p>There are two attributes that determine the current task
   completion represented by the element.</p>
@@ -13484,10 +13496,10 @@
            attribute float <a href=#dom-meter-optimum title=dom-meter-optimum>optimum</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-meter-element>meter</a></code> element represents a scalar measurement
-  within a known range, or a fractional value; for example disk usage,
-  the relevance of a query result, or the fraction of a voting
-  population to have selected a particular candidate.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-meter-element>meter</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a scalar
+  measurement within a known range, or a fractional value; for example
+  disk usage, the relevance of a query result, or the fraction of a
+  voting population to have selected a particular candidate.</p>
 
   <p>This is also known as a gauge.</p>
 
@@ -13907,9 +13919,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-code-element>code</a></code> element represents a fragment of computer
-  code. This could be an XML element name, a filename, a computer
-  program, or any other string that a computer would recognize.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-code-element>code</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a fragment
+  of computer code. This could be an XML element name, a filename, a
+  computer program, or any other string that a computer would
+  recognize.</p>
 
   <p>Although there is no formal way to indicate the language of
   computer code being marked up, authors who wish to mark
@@ -13968,10 +13981,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-var-element>var</a></code> element represents a variable. This could be
-  an actual variable in a mathematical expression or programming
-  context, or it could just be a term used as a placeholder in
-  prose.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-var-element>var</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  variable. This could be an actual variable in a mathematical
+  expression or programming context, or it could just be a term used
+  as a placeholder in prose.</p>
 
   <div class=example>
    <p>In the paragraph below, the letter "n" is being used as a
@@ -14026,8 +14039,8 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-samp-element>samp</a></code> element represents (sample) output from a
-  program or computing system.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-samp-element>samp</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> (sample)
+  output from a program or computing system.</p>
 
   <p class=note>See the <code><a href=#the-pre-element>pre</a></code> and <code><a href=#the-kbd-element>kbd</a></code>
   elements for more details.</p>
@@ -14065,9 +14078,9 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-kbd-element>kbd</a></code> element represents user input (typically
-  keyboard input, although it may also be used to represent other
-  input, such as voice commands).</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-kbd-element>kbd</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> user input
+  (typically keyboard input, although it may also be used to represent
+  other input, such as voice commands).</p>
 
   <p>When the <code><a href=#the-kbd-element>kbd</a></code> element is nested inside a
   <code><a href=#the-samp-element>samp</a></code> element, it represents the input as it was echoed
@@ -14111,8 +14124,9 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-sub-and-sup-elements>sup</a></code> element represents a superscript and the
-  <code><a href=#the-sub-and-sup-elements>sub</a></code> element represents a subscript.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-sub-and-sup-elements>sup</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  superscript and the <code><a href=#the-sub-and-sup-elements>sub</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a>
+  a subscript.</p>
 
   <p>These elements must be used only to mark up typographical
   conventions with specific meanings, not for typographical
@@ -14169,7 +14183,8 @@
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
   </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-span-element>span</a></code> element doesn't mean anything on its own,
   but can be useful when used together with other attributes,
-  e.g. <code title=attr-class><a href=#classes>class</a></code>, <code title=attr-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>lang</a></code>, or <code title=attr-dir><a href=#the-dir-attribute>dir</a></code>.</p>
+  e.g. <code title=attr-class><a href=#classes>class</a></code>, <code title=attr-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>lang</a></code>, or <code title=attr-dir><a href=#the-dir-attribute>dir</a></code>. It <a href=#represents>represents</a> its
+  children.</p>
 
 
   <h4 id=the-i-element><span class=secno>4.6.19 </span>The <dfn><code>i</code></dfn> element</h4>
@@ -14185,11 +14200,12 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-i-element>i</a></code> element represents a span of text in an
-  alternate voice or mood, or otherwise offset from the normal prose,
-  such as a taxonomic designation, a technical term, an idiomatic
-  phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, or some other
-  prose whose typical typographic presentation is italicized.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-i-element>i</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a span of text
+  in an alternate voice or mood, or otherwise offset from the normal
+  prose, such as a taxonomic designation, a technical term, an
+  idiomatic phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, or
+  some other prose whose typical typographic presentation is
+  italicized.</p>
 
   <p>Terms in languages different from the main text should be
   annotated with <code title=attr-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>lang</a></code> attributes (<code title=attr-xml-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>xml:lang</a></code> in XML).</p>
@@ -14241,11 +14257,11 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-b-element>b</a></code> element represents a span of text to be
-  stylistically offset from the normal prose without conveying any
-  extra importance, such as key words in a document abstract, product
-  names in a review, or other spans of text whose typical typographic
-  presentation is boldened.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-b-element>b</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a span of text
+  to be stylistically offset from the normal prose without conveying
+  any extra importance, such as key words in a document abstract,
+  product names in a review, or other spans of text whose typical
+  typographic presentation is boldened.</p>
 
   <div class=example>
    <p>The following example shows a use of the <code><a href=#the-b-element>b</a></code> element
@@ -14310,9 +14326,10 @@
    <dd>Also, the <code title=attr-dir><a href=#the-dir-attribute>dir</a></code> global attribute has special semantics on this element.</dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-bdo-element>bdo</a></code> element allows authors to override the
-  Unicode bidi algorithm by explicitly specifying a direction
-  override. <a href=#refsBIDI>[BIDI]</a></p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-bdo-element>bdo</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> explicit
+  text directionality formatting control for its children. It allows
+  authors to override the Unicode bidi algorithm by explicitly
+  specifying a direction override. <a href=#refsBIDI>[BIDI]</a></p>
 
   <p>Authors must specify the <code title=attr-dir><a href=#the-dir-attribute>dir</a></code>
   attribute on this element, with the value <code>ltr</code> to
@@ -14363,9 +14380,9 @@
   pronounciation or to include other annotations. In Japanese, this
   form of typography is also known as <i>furigana</i>.</p>
 
-  <p>A <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code> element represents the spans of phrasing
-  content it contains, ignoring all the child <code><a href=#the-rt-element>rt</a></code> and
-  <code><a href=#the-rp-element>rp</a></code> elements and their descendants. Those spans of
+  <p>A <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the spans of
+  phrasing content it contains, ignoring all the child <code><a href=#the-rt-element>rt</a></code>
+  and <code><a href=#the-rp-element>rp</a></code> elements and their descendants. Those spans of
   phrasing content have associated annotations created using the
   <code><a href=#the-rt-element>rt</a></code> element.</p>
 
@@ -14449,10 +14466,10 @@
   ruby annotation.</p>
 
   <p>An <code><a href=#the-rt-element>rt</a></code> element that is a child of a <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code>
-  element represents an annotation (given by its children) for the
-  zero or more nodes of phrasing content that immediately precedes it
-  in the <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code> element, ignoring <code><a href=#the-rp-element>rp</a></code>
-  elements.</p>
+  element <a href=#represents>represents</a> an annotation (given by its
+  children) for the zero or more nodes of phrasing content that
+  immediately precedes it in the <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code> element, ignoring
+  <code><a href=#the-rp-element>rp</a></code> elements.</p>
 
   <p>An <code><a href=#the-rt-element>rt</a></code> element that is not a child of a
   <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code> element represents the same thing as its
@@ -14477,10 +14494,9 @@
   user agents that don't support ruby annotations.</p>
 
   <p>An <code><a href=#the-rp-element>rp</a></code> element that is a child of a <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code>
-  element represents nothing and it and its contents must be
-  ignored. An <code><a href=#the-rp-element>rp</a></code> element whose parent element is not a
-  <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code> element represents the same thing as its
-  children.</p>
+  element <a href=#represents>represents</a> nothing and it and its contents must
+  be ignored. An <code><a href=#the-rp-element>rp</a></code> element whose parent element is not a
+  <code><a href=#the-ruby-element>ruby</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> its children.</p>
 
   <div class=example>
 
@@ -14622,8 +14638,8 @@
    <dd><code title=attr-mod-datetime><a href=#attr-mod-datetime>datetime</a></code></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses the <code><a href=#htmlmodelement>HTMLModElement</a></code> interface.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-ins-element>ins</a></code> element represents an addition to the
-  document.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-ins-element>ins</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> an addition
+  to the document.</p>
 
   <div class=example>
 
@@ -14705,8 +14721,8 @@
    <dd><code title=attr-mod-datetime><a href=#attr-mod-datetime>datetime</a></code></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses the <code><a href=#htmlmodelement>HTMLModElement</a></code> interface.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-del-element>del</a></code> element represents a removal from the
-  document.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-del-element>del</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a removal
+  from the document.</p>
 
   <p><code><a href=#the-del-element>del</a></code> elements should not cross <a href=#paragraph title=paragraph>implied paragraph</a> boundaries.</p>
 
@@ -14889,10 +14905,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><!-- v2: Add a <credit> element for photo credits --><p>The <code><a href=#the-figure-element>figure</a></code> element represents some <a href=#flow-content-0>flow
-  content</a>, optionally with a caption, which can be moved away
-  from the main flow of the document without affecting the document's
-  meaning.</p>
+  </dl><!-- v2: Add a <credit> element for photo credits --><p>The <code><a href=#the-figure-element>figure</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> some
+  <a href=#flow-content-0>flow content</a>, optionally with a caption, which can be
+  moved away from the main flow of the document without affecting the
+  document's meaning.</p>
 
   <p>The element can thus be used to annotate illustrations, diagrams,
   photos, code listings, etc, that are referred to from the main
@@ -15164,14 +15180,13 @@
     document.</p>
 
     <p>If the image is <i>available</i> and the user agent is
-    configured to display that image, then the element represents the
-    image specified by the <code title=attr-img-src><a href=#attr-img-src>src</a></code>
-    attribute.</p>
+    configured to display that image, then the element
+    <a href=#represents>represents</a> the image specified by the <code title=attr-img-src><a href=#attr-img-src>src</a></code> attribute.</p>
 
-    <p>Otherwise, the element represents nothing, and may be omitted
-    completely from the rendering. User agents may provide the user
-    with a notification that an image is present but has been omitted
-    from the rendering.</p>
+    <p>Otherwise, the element <a href=#represents>represents</a> nothing, and may
+    be omitted completely from the rendering. User agents may provide
+    the user with a notification that an image is present but has been
+    omitted from the rendering.</p>
 
    </dd>
 
@@ -15184,14 +15199,14 @@
     <p>The image is a key part of the content; the <code title=attr-img-alt><a href=#attr-img-alt>alt</a></code> attribute gives a textual
     equivalent or replacement for the image.</p>
 
-    <p>If the image is <i>available</i> and the user agent is configured to
-    display that image, then the element represents the image
-    specified by the <code title=attr-img-src><a href=#attr-img-src>src</a></code>
-    attribute.</p>
+    <p>If the image is <i>available</i> and the user agent is
+    configured to display that image, then the element
+    <a href=#represents>represents</a> the image specified by the <code title=attr-img-src><a href=#attr-img-src>src</a></code> attribute.</p>
 
-    <p>Otherwise, the element represents the text given by the <code title=attr-img-alt><a href=#attr-img-alt>alt</a></code> attribute. User agents may provide
-    the user with a notification that an image is present but has been
-    omitted from the rendering.</p>
+    <p>Otherwise, the element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the text given
+    by the <code title=attr-img-alt><a href=#attr-img-alt>alt</a></code> attribute. User
+    agents may provide the user with a notification that an image is
+    present but has been omitted from the rendering.</p>
 
    </dd>
 
@@ -15203,9 +15218,8 @@
     <p>The image might be a key part of the content, and there is no
     textual equivalent of the image available.</p>
 
-    <p>If the image is <i>available</i>, the element represents the
-    image specified by the <code title=attr-img-src><a href=#attr-img-src>src</a></code>
-    attribute.</p>
+    <p>If the image is <i>available</i>, the element
+    <a href=#represents>represents</a> the image specified by the <code title=attr-img-src><a href=#attr-img-src>src</a></code> attribute.</p>
 
     <p>If the image is not <i>available</i> or if the user agent is
     not configured to display the image, then the user agent should
@@ -15248,7 +15262,7 @@
 
    <dd>
 
-    <p>The element represents nothing.</p>
+    <p>The element <a href=#represents>represents</a> nothing.</p>
 
    </dd>
 
@@ -15256,7 +15270,7 @@
 
    <dd>
 
-    <p>The element represents the text given by the <code title=attr-img-alt><a href=#attr-img-alt>alt</a></code> attribute.</p>
+    <p>The element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the text given by the <code title=attr-img-alt><a href=#attr-img-alt>alt</a></code> attribute.</p>
 
    </dd>
 
@@ -16286,11 +16300,11 @@
     interface must also implement the <code>EmbeddingElement</code>
     interface defined in the Window Object specification. <a href=#refsWINDOW>[WINDOW]</a></p> <!-- XXX -->
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-iframe-element>iframe</a></code> element introduces a new nested
-  <a href=#browsing-context>browsing context</a>.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-iframe-element>iframe</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  <a href=#nested-browsing-context>nested browsing context</a>.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-iframe-src title=attr-iframe-src><code>src</code></dfn> attribute
-  gives the address of a page that the nested <a href=#browsing-context>browsing
+  gives the address of a page that the <a href=#nested-browsing-context>nested browsing
   context</a> is to contain. The attribute, if present, must be a
   <a href=#valid-url>valid URL</a>. When the browsing context is created, if the
   attribute is present, the user agent must <a href=#resolve-a-url title="resolve a
@@ -16701,9 +16715,9 @@
     <code><a href=#the-embed-element>embed</a></code> element, the node may also support other
     interfaces.</p>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-embed-element>embed</a></code> element represents an integration point
-  for an external (typically non-HTML) application or interactive
-  content.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-embed-element>embed</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> an
+  integration point for an external (typically non-HTML) application
+  or interactive content.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-embed-src title=attr-embed-src><code>src</code></dfn> attribute
   gives the address of the resource being embedded. The attribute, if
@@ -17056,8 +17070,8 @@
        <dd>
 
         <p>The <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> element must be associated with a
-        nested <a href=#browsing-context>browsing context</a>, if it does not already
-        have one. The element's nested <a href=#browsing-context>browsing context</a>
+        <a href=#nested-browsing-context>nested browsing context</a>, if it does not already
+        have one. The element's <a href=#nested-browsing-context>nested browsing context</a>
         must then be <a href=#navigate title=navigate>navigated</a> to the
         given resource, with <a href=#replacement-enabled>replacement enabled</a>, and
         with the <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> element's document's
@@ -17067,6 +17081,9 @@
         browsing context gets further navigated to other
         locations.)</p>
 
+        <p>The <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+        <a href=#nested-browsing-context>nested browsing context</a>.</p>
+
         <p>If the <code title=attr-object-name><a href=#attr-object-name>name</a></code> attribute
         is present, the <a href=#browsing-context-name>browsing context name</a> must be set
         to the value of this attribute; otherwise, the <a href=#browsing-context-name>browsing
@@ -17091,8 +17108,8 @@
         <p>Apply the <a href=#content-type-sniffing:-image title="content-type sniffing: image">image
         sniffing</a> rules to determine the type of the image.</p>
 
-        <p>The <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> element represents the specified
-        image. The image is not a nested <a href=#browsing-context>browsing
+        <p>The <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+        specified image. The image is not a <a href=#nested-browsing-context>nested browsing
         context</a>.</p>
 
         <p>If the image cannot be rendered, e.g. because it is
@@ -17132,9 +17149,9 @@
    can be found, or if the <a href=#plugin>plugin</a> reports an error, jump to the next
    step (fallback).</li>
 
-   <li><p>(Fallback.) The <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> element represents what
-   the element's contents represent, ignoring any leading
-   <code><a href=#the-param-element>param</a></code> element children. This is the element's
+   <li><p>(Fallback.) The <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> element
+   <a href=#represents>represents</a> the element's children, ignoring any
+   leading <code><a href=#the-param-element>param</a></code> element children. This is the element's
    <a href=#fallback-content>fallback content</a>.</li>
 
   </ol><p id=object-plugin>When the algorithm above instantiates a
@@ -17147,8 +17164,9 @@
   <a href=#plugin>plugin</a> used. If the <a href=#plugin>plugin</a> supports a
   scriptable interface, the <code><a href=#htmlobjectelement>HTMLObjectElement</a></code> object
   representing the element should expose that interface. The
-  <a href=#plugin>plugin</a> is not a nested <a href=#browsing-context>browsing
-  context</a>.</p>
+  <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the
+  <a href=#plugin>plugin</a>. The <a href=#plugin>plugin</a> is not a nested
+  <a href=#browsing-context>browsing context</a>.</p>
 
   <p id=sandboxPluginObject>If the <a href=#sandboxed-plugins-browsing-context-flag>sandboxed plugins browsing
   context flag</a> is set on the <a href=#browsing-context>browsing context</a> for
@@ -17262,7 +17280,7 @@
 };</pre>
    </dd>
   </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-param-element>param</a></code> element defines parameters for plugins
-  invoked by <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> elements.</p>
+  invoked by <code><a href=#the-object-element>object</a></code> elements. It does not <a href=#represents title=represents>represent</a> anything on its own.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-param-name title=attr-param-name><code>name</code></dfn>
   attribute gives the name of the parameter.</p>
@@ -17358,43 +17376,43 @@
   attribute must <a href=#reflect>reflect</a> the <code title=attr-video-poster><a href=#attr-video-poster>poster</a></code> content attribute.</p>
 
   <hr><p>When no video data is available (the element's <code title=dom-media-readyState><a href=#dom-media-readystate>readyState</a></code> attribute is either
-  <code title=dom-media-HAVE_NOTHING><a href=#dom-media-have_nothing>HAVE_NOTHING</a></code> or <code title=dom-media-HAVE_METADATA><a href=#dom-media-have_metadata>HAVE_METADATA</a></code>),
-  <code><a href=#video>video</a></code> elements represent either the <a href=#poster-frame>poster
-  frame</a>, or nothing.</p>
+  <code title=dom-media-HAVE_NOTHING><a href=#dom-media-have_nothing>HAVE_NOTHING</a></code> or <code title=dom-media-HAVE_METADATA><a href=#dom-media-have_metadata>HAVE_METADATA</a></code>), the
+  <code><a href=#video>video</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> either the
+  <a href=#poster-frame>poster frame</a>, or nothing.</p>
 
   <p>When a <code><a href=#video>video</a></code> element is <a href=#dom-media-paused title=dom-media-paused>paused</a> and the <a href=#current-playback-position title="current
   playback position">current playback position</a> is the first
-  frame of video, the element represents either the frame of video
-  corresponding to the <a href=#current-playback-position title="current playback position">current
-  playback position</a> or the <a href=#poster-frame>poster frame</a>, at the
-  discretion of the user agent.</p>
+  frame of video, the element <a href=#represents>represents</a> either the frame
+  of video corresponding to the <a href=#current-playback-position title="current playback
+  position">current playback position</a> or the <a href=#poster-frame>poster
+  frame</a>, at the discretion of the user agent.</p>
 
   <p>Notwithstanding the above, the <a href=#poster-frame>poster frame</a> should
   be preferred over nothing, but the <a href=#poster-frame>poster frame</a> should
   not be shown again after a frame of video has been shown.</p>
 
   <p>When a <code><a href=#video>video</a></code> element is <a href=#dom-media-paused title=dom-media-paused>paused</a> at any other position, the
-  element represents the frame of video corresponding to the <a href=#current-playback-position title="current playback position">current playback position</a>,
-  or, if that is not yet available (e.g. because the video is seeking
-  or buffering), the last frame of the video to have been
-  rendered.</p>
+  element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the frame of video corresponding to
+  the <a href=#current-playback-position title="current playback position">current playback
+  position</a>, or, if that is not yet available (e.g. because the
+  video is seeking or buffering), the last frame of the video to have
+  been rendered.</p>
 
   <p>When a <code><a href=#video>video</a></code> element is <a href=#potentially-playing>potentially
-  playing</a>, it represents the frame of video at the continuously
-  increasing <a href=#current-playback-position title="current playback position">"current"
-  position</a>. When the <a href=#current-playback-position>current playback position</a>
-  changes such that the last frame rendered is no longer the frame
-  corresponding to the <a href=#current-playback-position>current playback position</a> in the
-  video, the new frame must be rendered. Similarly, any audio
-  associated with the video must, if played, be played synchronized
-  with the <a href=#current-playback-position>current playback position</a>, at the specified
-  <a href=#dom-media-volume title=dom-media-volume>volume</a> with the specified
-  <a href=#dom-media-muted title=dom-media-muted>mute state</a>.</p>
+  playing</a>, it <a href=#represents>represents</a> the frame of video at the
+  continuously increasing <a href=#current-playback-position title="current playback
+  position">"current" position</a>. When the <a href=#current-playback-position>current playback
+  position</a> changes such that the last frame rendered is no
+  longer the frame corresponding to the <a href=#current-playback-position>current playback
+  position</a> in the video, the new frame must be
+  rendered. Similarly, any audio associated with the video must, if
+  played, be played synchronized with the <a href=#current-playback-position>current playback
+  position</a>, at the specified <a href=#dom-media-volume title=dom-media-volume>volume</a> with the specified <a href=#dom-media-muted title=dom-media-muted>mute state</a>.</p>
 
   <p>When a <code><a href=#video>video</a></code> element is neither <a href=#potentially-playing>potentially
   playing</a> nor <a href=#dom-media-paused title=dom-media-paused>paused</a>
-  (e.g. when seeking or stalled), the element represents the last
-  frame of the video to have been rendered.</p>
+  (e.g. when seeking or stalled), the element <a href=#represents>represents</a>
+  the last frame of the video to have been rendered.</p>
 
   <p class=note>Which frame in a video stream corresponds to a
   particular playback position is defined by the video stream's
@@ -17407,8 +17425,8 @@
   appropriate manner.</p>
 
   <p>User agents that cannot render the video may instead make the
-  element represent a link to an external video playback utility or to
-  the video data itself.</p>
+  element <a href=#represents title=represents>represent</a> a link to an
+  external video playback utility or to the video data itself.</p>
 
   <hr><p>The <dfn id=concept-video-intrinsic-width title=concept-video-intrinsic-width>intrinsic
   width</dfn> and <dfn id=concept-video-intrinsic-height title=concept-video-intrinsic-height>intrinsic height</dfn> of the
@@ -17545,8 +17563,8 @@
   // no members
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>An <code><a href=#audio>audio</a></code> element represents a sound or audio
-  stream.</p>
+  </dl><p>An <code><a href=#audio>audio</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a sound or
+  audio stream.</p>
 
   <p>Content may be provided inside the <code><a href=#audio>audio</a></code>
   element. User agents should not show this content to the user; it is
@@ -17623,7 +17641,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-source-element>source</a></code> element allows authors to specify
   multiple <a href=#media-resource title="media resource">media resources</a> for
-  <a href=#media-element title="media element">media elements</a>.</p>
+  <a href=#media-element title="media element">media elements</a>. It does not <a href=#represents title=represents>represent</a> anything on its own.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-source-src title=attr-source-src><code>src</code></dfn> attribute
   gives the address of the <a href=#media-resource>media resource</a>. The value must
@@ -19523,9 +19541,9 @@
   Object <a href=#dom-canvas-getcontext title=dom-canvas-getContext>getContext</a>(in DOMString contextId);
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-canvas-element>canvas</a></code> element represents a resolution-dependent
-  bitmap canvas, which can be used for rendering graphs, game
-  graphics, or other visual images on the fly.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-canvas-element>canvas</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  resolution-dependent bitmap canvas, which can be used for rendering
+  graphs, game graphics, or other visual images on the fly.</p>
 
   <p>Authors should not use the <code><a href=#the-canvas-element>canvas</a></code> element in a
   document when a more suitable element is available. For example, it
@@ -21694,7 +21712,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-map-element>map</a></code> element, in conjunction with any
   <code><a href=#the-area-element>area</a></code> element descendants, defines an <a href=#image-map>image
-  map</a>.</p>
+  map</a>. The element <a href=#represents>represents</a> its children.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-map-name title=attr-map-name><code>name</code></dfn> attribute
   gives the map a name so that it can be referenced. The attribute
@@ -21755,9 +21773,9 @@
            attribute DOMString <a href=#dom-area-type title=dom-area-type>type</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-area-element>area</a></code> element represents either a hyperlink with
-  some text and a corresponding area on an <a href=#image-map>image map</a>, or
-  a dead area on an image map.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-area-element>area</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> either a
+  hyperlink with some text and a corresponding area on an <a href=#image-map>image
+  map</a>, or a dead area on an image map.</p>
 
   <p>If the <code><a href=#the-area-element>area</a></code> element has an <code title=attr-hyperlink-href><a href=#attr-hyperlink-href>href</a></code> attribute, then the
   <code><a href=#the-area-element>area</a></code> element represents a <a href=#hyperlink>hyperlink</a>. In
@@ -22291,8 +22309,8 @@
   void <a href=#dom-table-deleterow title=dom-table-deleteRow>deleteRow</a>(in long index);
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> element represents data with more than one
-  dimension (a <a href=#concept-table title=concept-table>table</a>).</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> data with
+  more than one dimension, in the form of a <a href=#concept-table title=concept-table>table</a>.</p>
 
   <p class=XXX>we need some editorial text on how layout
   tables are bad practice and non-conforming</p>
@@ -22498,7 +22516,7 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-caption-element>caption</a></code> element represents the title of the
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-caption-element>caption</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the title of the
   <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> that is its parent, if it has a parent and that
   is a <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> element.</p>
 
@@ -22526,7 +22544,7 @@
            attribute unsigned long <a href=#dom-colgroup-span title=dom-colgroup-span>span</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-colgroup-element>colgroup</a></code> element represents a <a href=#concept-column-group title=concept-column-group>group</a> of one or more <a href=#concept-column title=concept-column>columns</a> in the <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> that
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-colgroup-element>colgroup</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a <a href=#concept-column-group title=concept-column-group>group</a> of one or more <a href=#concept-column title=concept-column>columns</a> in the <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> that
   is its parent, if it has a parent and that is a <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code>
   element.</p>
 
@@ -22566,7 +22584,7 @@
   </dl><p>If a <code><a href=#the-col-element>col</a></code> element has a parent and that is a
   <code><a href=#the-colgroup-element>colgroup</a></code> element that itself has a parent that is a
   <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> element, then the <code><a href=#the-col-element>col</a></code> element
-  represents one or more <a href=#concept-column title=concept-column>columns</a>
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> one or more <a href=#concept-column title=concept-column>columns</a>
   in the <a href=#concept-column-group title=concept-column-group>column group</a>
   represented by that <code><a href=#the-colgroup-element>colgroup</a></code>.</p>
 
@@ -22607,7 +22625,7 @@
     <p>The <code><a href=#htmltablesectionelement>HTMLTableSectionElement</a></code> interface is also
     used for <code><a href=#the-thead-element>thead</a></code> and <code><a href=#the-tfoot-element>tfoot</a></code> elements.</p>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-tbody-element>tbody</a></code> element represents a <a href=#concept-row-group title=concept-row-group>block</a> of <a href=#concept-row title=concept-row>rows</a> that consist of a body of data for
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-tbody-element>tbody</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a <a href=#concept-row-group title=concept-row-group>block</a> of <a href=#concept-row title=concept-row>rows</a> that consist of a body of data for
   the parent <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> element, if the <code><a href=#the-tbody-element>tbody</a></code>
   element has a parent and it is a <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code>.</p>
 
@@ -22663,7 +22681,7 @@
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd><code><a href=#htmltablesectionelement>HTMLTableSectionElement</a></code>, as defined for
    <code><a href=#the-tbody-element>tbody</a></code> elements.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-thead-element>thead</a></code> element represents the <a href=#concept-row-group title=concept-row-group>block</a> of <a href=#concept-row title=concept-row>rows</a> that consist of the column labels
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-thead-element>thead</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the <a href=#concept-row-group title=concept-row-group>block</a> of <a href=#concept-row title=concept-row>rows</a> that consist of the column labels
   (headers) for the parent <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> element, if the
   <code><a href=#the-thead-element>thead</a></code> element has a parent and it is a
   <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code>.</p>
@@ -22694,7 +22712,7 @@
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd><code><a href=#htmltablesectionelement>HTMLTableSectionElement</a></code>, as defined for
    <code><a href=#the-tbody-element>tbody</a></code> elements.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-tfoot-element>tfoot</a></code> element represents the <a href=#concept-row-group title=concept-row-group>block</a> of <a href=#concept-row title=concept-row>rows</a> that consist of the column summaries
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-tfoot-element>tfoot</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the <a href=#concept-row-group title=concept-row-group>block</a> of <a href=#concept-row title=concept-row>rows</a> that consist of the column summaries
   (footers) for the parent <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code> element, if the
   <code><a href=#the-tfoot-element>tfoot</a></code> element has a parent and it is a
   <code><a href=#the-table-element>table</a></code>.</p>
@@ -22729,7 +22747,7 @@
   void <span>deleteCell</span>(in long index);
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-tr-element>tr</a></code> element represents a <a href=#concept-row title=concept-row>row</a> of <a href=#concept-cell title=concept-cell>cells</a> in a <a href=#concept-table title=concept-table>table</a>.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-tr-element>tr</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a <a href=#concept-row title=concept-row>row</a> of <a href=#concept-cell title=concept-cell>cells</a> in a <a href=#concept-table title=concept-table>table</a>.</p>
 
   <p>The <code><a href=#the-tr-element>tr</a></code> element takes part in the <a href=#table-model>table
   model</a>.</p>
@@ -22801,7 +22819,7 @@
    <dd>
     <pre class=idl>interface <dfn id=htmltabledatacellelement>HTMLTableDataCellElement</dfn> : <a href=#htmltablecellelement>HTMLTableCellElement</a> {};</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-td-element>td</a></code> element represents a data <a href=#concept-cell title=concept-cell>cell</a> in a table.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-td-element>td</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a data <a href=#concept-cell title=concept-cell>cell</a> in a table.</p>
 
   <p class=note>The <code><a href=#the-td-element>td</a></code> element and its <code title=attr-tdth-colspan><a href=#attr-tdth-colspan>colspan</a></code>, <code title=attr-tdth-rowspan><a href=#attr-tdth-rowspan>rowspan</a></code>, and <code title=attr-tdth-headers><a href=#attr-tdth-headers>headers</a></code> attributes take part in the
   <a href=#table-model>table model</a>.</p>
@@ -22827,7 +22845,7 @@
            attribute DOMString <a href=#dom-th-scope title=dom-th-scope>scope</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-th-element>th</a></code> element represents a header <a href=#concept-cell title=concept-cell>cell</a> in a table.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-th-element>th</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a header <a href=#concept-cell title=concept-cell>cell</a> in a table.</p>
 
   <p>The <code><a href=#the-th-element>th</a></code> element may have a <dfn id=attr-th-scope title=attr-th-scope><code>scope</code></dfn> content attribute
   specified. The <code title=attr-th-scope><a href=#attr-th-scope>scope</a></code> attribute is
@@ -24019,9 +24037,10 @@
   void <a href=#dom-form-dispatchformchange title=dom-form-dispatchFormChange>dispatchFormChange</a>();
 };</pre>
    </dd> 
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-form-element>form</a></code> element represents a collection of <a href=#form-associated-element title="form-associated element">form-associated elements</a>,
-  some of which can represent editable values that can be submitted to
-  a server for processing.</p>
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-form-element>form</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a
+  collection of <a href=#form-associated-element title="form-associated element">form-associated
+  elements</a>, some of which can represent editable values that
+  can be submitted to a server for processing.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-form-accept-charset title=attr-form-accept-charset><code>accept-charset</code></dfn>
   attribute gives the character encodings that are to be used for the
@@ -24184,7 +24203,7 @@
   void <a href=#dom-cva-setcustomvalidity title=dom-cva-setCustomValidity>setCustomValidity</a>(in DOMString error);
 };</pre>
    </dd> 
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-fieldset-element>fieldset</a></code> element represents a set of form
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-fieldset-element>fieldset</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a set of form
   controls grouped under a common name.</p>
 
   <p>The name of the group is given by the first <code><a href=#the-legend-element>legend</a></code>
@@ -24247,7 +24266,7 @@
   readonly attribute <a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a> <a href=#dom-label-control title=dom-label-control>control</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd> 
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-label-element>label</a></code> represents a caption in a user
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-label-element>label</a></code> <a href=#represents>represents</a> a caption in a user
   interface. The caption can be associated with a specific form
   control, known as the <code><a href=#the-label-element>label</a></code> element's <dfn id=labeled-control>labeled
   control</dfn>.</p>
@@ -24405,7 +24424,7 @@
   readonly attribute <span>NodeList</span> <a href=#dom-lfe-labels title=dom-lfe-labels>labels</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd> 
-  </dl><!-- XXX add selectionStart and company --><p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a typed data field,
+  </dl><!-- XXX add selectionStart and company --><p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a typed data field,
   usually with a form control to allow the user to edit the data.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-input-type title=attr-input-type><code>type</code></dfn>
@@ -25467,7 +25486,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#hidden-state title=attr-input-type-hidden>Hidden</a> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a value that is not
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a value that is not
   intended to be examined or manipulated by the user.</p>
 
   <p><strong>Constraint validation:</strong> If an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code>
@@ -25534,7 +25553,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#text-state-and-search-state title=attr-input-type-text>Text</a> state or the <a href=#text-state-and-search-state title=attr-input-type-search>Search</a> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a one line plain text
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a one line plain text
   edit control for the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a>.</p>
 
   <p>If the element is <i title=concept-input-mutable><a href=#concept-input-mutable>mutable</a></i>,
@@ -25605,7 +25624,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#url-state title=attr-input-type-url>URL</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for editing a
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for editing a
   single <a href=#absolute-url>absolute URL</a> given in the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a>.</p>
 
   <p>If the is <i title=concept-input-mutable><a href=#concept-input-mutable>mutable</a></i>, the user
@@ -25686,7 +25705,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#e-mail-state title=attr-input-type-email>E-mail</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for editing a
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for editing a
   list of e-mail addresses given in the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a>.</p>
 
   <p>If the element is <i title=concept-input-mutable><a href=#concept-input-mutable>mutable</a></i>,
@@ -25789,7 +25808,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#password-state title=attr-input-type-password>Password</a> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a one line plain text
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a one line plain text
   edit control for the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a>. The user agent should obscure
   the value so that people other than the user cannot see it.</p>
 
@@ -25857,7 +25876,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#date-and-time-state title=attr-input-type-datetime>Date and Time</a> state, the
   rules in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for setting
   the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a
   string representing a specific <a href=#concept-datetime title=concept-datetime>global
   date and time</a>. User agents may display the date and time in
@@ -25991,7 +26010,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#date-state title=attr-input-type-date>Date</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for setting
   the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a
   string representing a specific <a href=#concept-date title=concept-date>date</a>.</p>
 
@@ -26118,7 +26137,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#month-state title=attr-input-type-month>Month</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for setting
   the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a
   string representing a specific <a href=#concept-month title=concept-month>month</a>.</p>
 
@@ -26245,7 +26264,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#week-state title=attr-input-type-week>Week</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for setting
   the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a
   string representing a specific <a href=#concept-week title=concept-week>week</a>.</p>
 
@@ -26372,7 +26391,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#time-state title=attr-input-type-time>Time</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for setting
   the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a
   string representing a specific <a href=#concept-time title=concept-time>time</a>.</p>
 
@@ -26493,7 +26512,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#local-date-and-time-state title=attr-input-type-datetime-local>Local Date and Time</a>
   state, the rules in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for setting
   the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a
   string representing a <a href=#concept-datetime-local title=concept-datetime-local>local
   date and time</a>, with no time zone information.</p>
@@ -26606,7 +26625,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#number-state title=attr-input-type-number>Number</a> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for setting
   the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a
   string representing a number.</p>
 
@@ -26713,7 +26732,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#range-state title=attr-input-type-range>Range</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for setting
   the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a
   string representing a number, but with the caveat that the exact
   value is not important, letting UAs provide a simpler interface than
@@ -26849,7 +26868,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#color-state title=attr-input-type-color>Color</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a color well control,
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a color well control,
   for setting the element's <a href=#concept-fe-value title=concept-fe-value>value</a> to a string representing a
   <a href=#simple-color>simple color</a>.</p>
 
@@ -26933,7 +26952,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#checkbox-state title=attr-input-type-checkbox>Checkbox</a> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a two-state control
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a two-state control
   that represents the element's <a href=#concept-fe-checked title=concept-fe-checked>checkedness</a> state. If the
   element's <a href=#concept-fe-checked title=concept-fe-checked>checkedness</a> state
   is true, the control represents a positive selection, and if it is
@@ -27020,7 +27039,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#radio-button-state title=attr-input-type-radio>Radio Button</a> state, the rules
   in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a control that, when
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control that, when
   used in conjunction with other <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> elements, forms a
   <i><a href=#radio-button-group>radio button group</a></i> in which only one control can have its
   <a href=#concept-fe-checked title=concept-fe-checked>checkedness</a> state set to
@@ -27141,7 +27160,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#file-upload-state title=attr-input-type-file>File Upload</a> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a list of <dfn id=concept-input-type-file-selected title=concept-input-type-file-selected>selected files</dfn>, each
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a list of <dfn id=concept-input-type-file-selected title=concept-input-type-file-selected>selected files</dfn>, each
   file consisting of a file name, a file type, and a file body (the
   contents of the file).</p>
 
@@ -27249,7 +27268,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#submit-button-state title=attr-input-type-submit>Submit Button</a> state, the rules
   in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a button that, when
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a button that, when
   activated, submits the form. If the element has a <code title=attr-input-value><a href=#attr-input-value>value</a></code> attribute, the button's label
   must be the value of that attribute; otherwise, it must be an
   implementation-defined string that means "Submit" or some such. The
@@ -27322,7 +27341,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#image-button-state title=attr-input-type-image>Image Button</a> state, the rules
   in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents either an image from
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> either an image from
   which a user can select a coordinate and submit the form, or
   alternatively a button from which the user can submit the form. The
   element is a <a href=#concept-button title=concept-button>button</a>,
@@ -27401,7 +27420,7 @@
 
   <hr><p>If the <code title=attr-input-src><a href=#attr-input-src>src</a></code> attribute is set,
   and the image is <i>available</i> and the user agent is configured
-  to display that image, then: The element represents a control for
+  to display that image, then: The element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control for
   selecting a <a href=#concept-input-type-image-coordinate title=concept-input-type-image-coordinate>coordinate</a> from
   the image specified by the <code title=attr-input-src><a href=#attr-input-src>src</a></code>
   attribute; if the element is <i title=concept-input-mutable><a href=#concept-input-mutable>mutable</a></i>, the user agent should
@@ -27414,7 +27433,7 @@
   selecting a coordinate, then the coordinate (0,0) must be
   assumed.</p>
 
-  <p>Otherwise, the element represents a submit button whose label is
+  <p>Otherwise, the element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a submit button whose label is
   given by the value of the <code title=attr-input-alt><a href=#attr-input-alt>alt</a></code>
   attribute; if the element is <i title=concept-input-mutable><a href=#concept-input-mutable>mutable</a></i>, the user agent should
   allow the user to activate the button. The <a href=#activation-behavior>activation
@@ -27503,7 +27522,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#reset-button-state title=attr-input-type-reset>Reset Button</a> state, the rules
   in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a button that, when
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a button that, when
   activated, resets the form. If the element has a <code title=attr-input-value><a href=#attr-input-value>value</a></code> attribute, the button's label
   must be the value of that attribute; otherwise, it must be an
   implementation-defined string that means "Reset" or some such. The
@@ -27569,7 +27588,7 @@
   <p>When an <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element's <code title=attr-input-type><a href=#attr-input-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#button-state title=attr-input-type-button>Button</a> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element represents a button with no
+  <p>The <code><a href=#the-input-element>input</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a button with no
   default behavior. If the element has a <code title=attr-input-value><a href=#attr-input-value>value</a></code> attribute, the button's label
   must be the value of that attribute; otherwise, it must be the empty
   string. The element is a <a href=#concept-button title=concept-button>button</a>.</p>
@@ -28300,7 +28319,7 @@
   readonly attribute <span>NodeList</span> <a href=#dom-lfe-labels title=dom-lfe-labels>labels</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd> 
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-button-element>button</a></code> element represents a button. If the
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-button-element>button</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a button. If the
   element is not <a href=#concept-fe-disabled title=concept-fe-disabled>disabled</a>,
   then the user agent should allow the user to activate the
   button.</p>
@@ -28456,9 +28475,9 @@
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-select-multiple title=attr-select-multiple><code>multiple</code></dfn>
   attribute is a <a href=#boolean-attribute>boolean attribute</a>. If the attribute is
-  present, then the <code><a href=#the-select-element>select</a></code> element represents a control
+  present, then the <code><a href=#the-select-element>select</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a control
   for selecting zero or more options from the <a href=#concept-select-option-list title=concept-select-option-list>list of options</a>. If the
-  attribute is absent, then the <code><a href=#the-select-element>select</a></code> element represents
+  attribute is absent, then the <code><a href=#the-select-element>select</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a>
   a control for selecting a single option from the <a href=#concept-select-option-list title=concept-select-option-list>list of options</a>.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=concept-select-option-list title=concept-select-option-list>list of options</dfn>
@@ -28661,7 +28680,7 @@
   other controls. The contents of the element represents fallback
   content for legacy user agents, intermixed with <code><a href=#the-option-element>option</a></code>
   elements that represent the predefined options. In the rendering,
-  the <code><a href=#the-datalist-element>datalist</a></code> element represents nothing and it, along
+  the <code><a href=#the-datalist-element>datalist</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> nothing and it, along
   with its children, should be hidden.</p>
 
   <p>The <code><a href=#the-datalist-element>datalist</a></code> element is hooked up to an
@@ -28697,7 +28716,7 @@
            attribute DOMString <a href=#dom-optgroup-label title=dom-optgroup-label>label</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd> 
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-optgroup-element>optgroup</a></code> element represents a group of
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-optgroup-element>optgroup</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a group of
   <code><a href=#the-option-element>option</a></code> elements with a common label.</p>
 
   <p>The element's group of <code><a href=#the-option-element>option</a></code> elements consists of
@@ -28759,7 +28778,7 @@
   readonly attribute long <a href=#dom-option-index title=dom-option-index>index</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd> 
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-option-element>option</a></code> element represents an option in a
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-option-element>option</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> an option in a
   <code><a href=#the-select-element>select</a></code> element or as part of a list of suggestions in a
   <code><a href=#the-datalist-element>datalist</a></code> element.</p>
 
@@ -28908,7 +28927,7 @@
   readonly attribute <span>NodeList</span> <a href=#dom-lfe-labels title=dom-lfe-labels>labels</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd> 
-  </dl><!-- XXX add selectionStart and company --><p>The <code><a href=#the-textarea-element>textarea</a></code> element represents a multiline plain
+  </dl><!-- XXX add selectionStart and company --><p>The <code><a href=#the-textarea-element>textarea</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a multiline plain
   text edit control for the element's <dfn id=concept-textarea-raw-value title=concept-textarea-raw-value>raw value</dfn>. The contents of
   the control represent the control's default value.</p>
 
@@ -29104,7 +29123,7 @@
   void <a href=#dom-cva-setcustomvalidity title=dom-cva-setCustomValidity>setCustomValidity</a>(in DOMString error);
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-output-element>output</a></code> element represents the result of a
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-output-element>output</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the result of a
   calculation.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=attr-output-for title=attr-output-for><code>for</code></dfn> content
@@ -30504,7 +30523,7 @@
            attribute boolean <a href=#dom-details-open title=dom-details-open>open</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-details-element>details</a></code> element represents additional
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-details-element>details</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> additional
   information or controls which the user can obtain on demand.</p>
 
   <p class=note>The <code><a href=#the-details-element>details</a></code> element is not appropriate
@@ -30512,7 +30531,7 @@
   footnotes</a> for details on how to mark up footnotes.</p>
 
   <p>The first element child of a <code><a href=#the-details-element>details</a></code> element, if it
-  is a <code><a href=#the-legend-element>legend</a></code> element, represents the summary of the
+  is a <code><a href=#the-legend-element>legend</a></code> element, <a href=#represents>represents</a> the summary of the
   details.</p>
 
   <p>If the first element is not a <code><a href=#the-legend-element>legend</a></code> element, the
@@ -30595,7 +30614,7 @@
   detect when a row/selection has been deleted, activated, etc, by the
   user (delete key, enter key, etc).</p> <!-- XXXPA -->
 
-  <p>The <code><a href=#datagrid>datagrid</a></code> element represents an interactive
+  <p>The <code><a href=#datagrid>datagrid</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> an interactive
   representation of tree, list, or tabular data.</p>
 
   <p>The data being presented can come either from the content, as
@@ -32222,15 +32241,15 @@
 
   <dl><dt>The <dfn id=attr-command-type-state-command title=attr-command-type-state-command>Command</dfn> state</dt>
 
-   <dd><p>The element represents a normal command with an associated action.</dd>
+   <dd><p>The element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a normal command with an associated action.</dd>
 
    <dt>The <dfn id=attr-command-type-state-checkbox title=attr-command-type-state-checkbox>Checkbox</dfn> state</dt>
 
-   <dd><p>The element represents a state or option that can be toggled.</dd>
+   <dd><p>The element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a state or option that can be toggled.</dd>
 
    <dt>The <dfn id=attr-command-type-state-radio title=attr-command-type-state-radio>Radio</dfn> state</dt>
 
-   <dd><p>The element represents a selection of one item from a list of items.</dd>
+   <dd><p>The element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a selection of one item from a list of items.</dd>
 
   </dl><p>The <dfn id=attr-command-label title=attr-command-label><code>label</code></dfn>
   attribute gives the name of the command, as shown to the user.</p>
@@ -32408,10 +32427,10 @@
 
   <p>When the element has no descendant element children and has no
   descendant <a href=#text-node>text node</a> children of non-zero length, the
-  element represents a browser button with a user-agent-defined icon
-  or text representing the <code title=attr-bb-type><a href=#attr-bb-type>type</a></code>
-  attribute's state's <i>action</i> and <i>relevance</i> (enabled vs
-  disabled). Otherwise, the element represents its descendants.</p>
+  element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a browser button with a
+  user-agent-defined icon or text representing the <code title=attr-bb-type><a href=#attr-bb-type>type</a></code> attribute's state's <i>action</i>
+  and <i>relevance</i> (enabled vs disabled). Otherwise, the element
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> its children.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn id=dom-bb-type title=dom-bb-type><code>type</code></dfn> DOM
   attribute must <a href=#reflect>reflect</a> the content attribute of the
@@ -32547,16 +32566,16 @@
   defining a tool bar.</p>
 
   <p>If a <code><a href=#menus>menu</a></code> element's <code title=attr-menu-type><a href=#attr-menu-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#context-menu-state title="context menu state">context menu</a> state, then the
-  element represents the commands of a context menu, and the user can
+  element <a href=#represents>represents</a> the commands of a context menu, and the user can
   only interact with the commands if that context menu is
   activated.</p>
 
   <p>If a <code><a href=#menus>menu</a></code> element's <code title=attr-menu-type><a href=#attr-menu-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#tool-bar-state title="tool bar state">tool bar</a> state, then the element
-  represents a list of active commands that the user can immediately
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> a list of active commands that the user can immediately
   interact with.</p>
 
   <p>If a <code><a href=#menus>menu</a></code> element's <code title=attr-menu-type><a href=#attr-menu-type>type</a></code> attribute is in the <a href=#list-state title="list state">list</a> state, then the element either
-  represents an unordered list of items (each represented by an
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> an unordered list of items (each represented by an
   <code><a href=#the-li-element>li</a></code> element), each of which represents a command that
   the user can perform or activate, or, if the element has no
   <code><a href=#the-li-element>li</a></code> element children, <a href=#flow-content-0>flow content</a>
@@ -33295,7 +33314,7 @@
   readonly attribute <a href=#htmlformelement>HTMLFormElement</a> <a href=#dom-legend-form title=dom-legend-form>form</a>;
 };</pre>
    </dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-legend-element>legend</a></code> element represents a title or explanatory
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-legend-element>legend</a></code> element <a href=#represents>represents</a> a title or explanatory
   caption for the rest of the contents of the <code><a href=#the-legend-element>legend</a></code>
   element's parent element.</p>
 
@@ -33320,11 +33339,10 @@
    <dd><a href=#global-attributes>Global attributes</a></dd>
    <dt>DOM interface:</dt>
    <dd>Uses <code><a href=#htmlelement>HTMLElement</a></code>.</dd>
-  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-div-element>div</a></code> element represents nothing at all. It can be
-  used with the <code title=attr-class><a href=#classes>class</a></code>, <code title=attr-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>lang</a></code>/<code title=attr-xml-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>xml:lang</a></code>, and <code title=attr-title><a href=#the-title-attribute>title</a></code> attributes to mark up semantics
+  </dl><p>The <code><a href=#the-div-element>div</a></code> element has no special meaning at all. It
+  <a href=#represents>represents</a> its children. It can be used with the <code title=attr-class><a href=#classes>class</a></code>, <code title=attr-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>lang</a></code>/<code title=attr-xml-lang><a href=#the-lang-and-xml:lang-attributes>xml:lang</a></code>, and <code title=attr-title><a href=#the-title-attribute>title</a></code> attributes to mark up semantics
   common to a group of consecutive elements.</p>
 
-
   <p class=XXX>Allowing <code><a href=#the-div-element>div</a></code> elements to contain
   phrasing content makes it easy for authors to abuse
   <code><a href=#the-div-element>div</a></code>, using it with the <code>class=""</code> attribute
@@ -55847,6 +55865,11 @@
   expected behavior by translating from the CSS rules given in this
   section.</p>
 
+  <p>In the absence of style-layer rules to the contrary (e.g. author
+  style sheets), user agents are expected to render an element so that
+  it conveys to the user the meaning that the element
+  <dfn id=represents>represents</dfn>, as described by this specification.</p>
+
   <p>The suggestions in this section generally assume a visual output
   medium with a resolution of 96dpi or greater, but HTML is intended
   to apply to multiple media (it is a <i>media-independent</i>
@@ -56517,9 +56540,9 @@
 table { border-style: outset; }
 td, th { border-style: inset; }
 
+[dir=ltr] { direction: lrt; unicode-bidi: embed; }
 [dir=rtl] { direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; }
-[dir=ltr] { direction: lrt; unicode-bidi: embed; }
-bdo[dir] { unicode-bidi: bidi-override; }</pre>
+bdo[dir=ltr], bdo[dir=rtl] { unicode-bidi: bidi-override; }</pre>
 
   <p>In addition, rules setting the 'quotes' property appropriately
   for the locales and languages understood by the user are expected to
@@ -56681,7 +56704,7 @@
 
   <p class=XXX>...</p>
 
-  <!-- applet, audio, canvas, embed, iframe, img, input type=image, object, video -->
+  <!-- applet, canvas, embed, iframe, img, input type=image, object, video -->
   <!-- <code>input</code> elements whose <code title="attr-input-type">type</code> attribute is in the <span title="attr-input-type-image">Image Button</span> state -->
 
   <!--
@@ -56702,7 +56725,9 @@
   <p class=XXX>Terms that need to be defined include: <dfn id=sizing-of-embedded-content>sizing
   of embedded content</dfn></p>
 
+  <!-- audio -->
 
+
   <h4 id=fragment-identifiers><span class=secno>10.4.2 </span>Fragment identifiers</h4>
 
   <p class=XXX>(need to remove "must" and reword) CSS UAs in visual
@@ -56998,8 +57023,14 @@
   <!-- being able to cycle through them -->
   <!-- showing them on the scroll bar -->
 
+  <p class=XXX>The rendering section will eventually suggest
+  that user agents provide a way to let users jump between
+  <code><a href=#the-mark-element>mark</a></code> elements. Suggested rendering is a neon yellow
+  background highlight, though UAs maybe should allow this to be
+  toggled.</p>
 
 
+
   <h4 id=the-contenteditable-attribute><span class=secno>10.5.4 </span>The <code title=attr-contenteditable><a href=#attr-contenteditable>contenteditable</a></code> attribute</h4>
 
   <p class=XXX>...</p>

Modified: source
===================================================================
--- source	2009-02-04 12:52:53 UTC (rev 2755)
+++ source	2009-02-04 22:34:38 UTC (rev 2756)
@@ -6773,8 +6773,9 @@
   those documents are in another context (e.g. inside an XSLT
   transform).</p>
 
-  <p>Elements in the DOM represent things; that is, they have
-  intrinsic <em>meaning</em>, also known as semantics.</p>
+  <p>Elements in the DOM <span title="represents">represent</span>
+  things; that is, they have intrinsic <em>meaning</em>, also known as
+  semantics.</p>
 
   <p class="example">For example, an <code>ol</code> element
   represents an ordered list.</p>
@@ -6949,11 +6950,11 @@
 
   <h5>The <dfn title="attr-id"><code>id</code></dfn> attribute</h5>
 
-  <p>The <code title="attr-id">id</code> attribute represents its
-  element's unique identifier. The value must be unique in the
-  element's <span>home subtree</span> and must contain at least one
-  character. The value must not contain any <span title="space
-  character">space characters</span>.</p>
+  <p>The <code title="attr-id">id</code> attribute
+  <span>represents</span> its element's unique identifier. The value
+  must be unique in the element's <span>home subtree</span> and must
+  contain at least one character. The value must not contain any <span
+  title="space character">space characters</span>.</p>
 
   <!-- space characters are disallowed because space-separated lists
   of IDs otherwise would not be able to reach all valid IDs -->
@@ -6980,13 +6981,14 @@
 
   <h5>The <dfn title="attr-title"><code>title</code></dfn> attribute</h5>
 
-  <p>The <code title="attr-title">title</code> attribute represents
-  advisory information for the element, such as would be appropriate
-  for a tooltip. On a link, this could be the title or a description
-  of the target resource; on an image, it could be the image credit or
-  a description of the image; on a paragraph, it could be a footnote
-  or commentary on the text; on a citation, it could be further
-  information about the source; and so forth. The value is text.</p>
+  <p>The <code title="attr-title">title</code> attribute
+  <span>represents</span> advisory information for the element, such
+  as would be appropriate for a tooltip. On a link, this could be the
+  title or a description of the target resource; on an image, it could
+  be the image credit or a description of the image; on a paragraph,
+  it could be a footnote or commentary on the text; on a citation, it
+  could be further information about the source; and so forth. The
+  value is text.</p>
 
   <p>If this attribute is omitted from an element, then it implies
   that the <code title="attr-title">title</code> attribute of the
@@ -7028,10 +7030,11 @@
   title="">http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace</code> namespace) is
   defined in XML. <a href="#refsXML">[XML]</a></p>
 
-  <p>If these attributes are omitted from an element, then it implies
-  that the language of this element is the same as the language of the
-  parent element. Setting the attribute to the empty string indicates
-  that the primary language is unknown.</p>
+  <p>If these attributes are omitted from an element, then the
+  language of this element is the same as the language of its parent
+  element, if any. Setting the attribute to the empty string indicates
+  that the primary language is unknown.</p> <!-- UA conformance
+  requires for this are below -->
 
   <p>The <code title="attr-lang">lang</code> attribute may be used on
   any <span title="HTML elements">HTML element</span>.</p>
@@ -7129,9 +7132,10 @@
   defaults.</p>
 
   <p>The processing of this attribute is primarily performed by the
-  presentation layer. For example, CSS 2.1 defines a mapping from this
-  attribute to the CSS 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties, and
-  defines rendering in terms of those properties.</p>
+  presentation layer. For example, the rendering section in this
+  specification defines a mapping from this attribute to the CSS
+  'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties, and CSS defines rendering
+  in terms of those properties.</p>
 
   <p><dfn>The directionality</dfn> of an element, which is used in
   particular by the <code>canvas</code> element's text rendering API,
@@ -8634,8 +8638,8 @@
 -->
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>html</code> element represents the root of an HTML
-  document.</p>
+  <p>The <code>html</code> element <span>represents</span> the root of
+  an HTML document.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-html-manifest"><code>manifest</code></dfn>
   attribute gives the address of the document's <span>application
@@ -8675,8 +8679,8 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>head</code> element collects the document's
-  metadata.</p>
+  <p>The <code>head</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  collection of metadata for the <code>Document</code>.</p>
 
 
   <h4>The <dfn><code>title</code></dfn> element</h4>
@@ -8694,12 +8698,13 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>title</code> element represents the document's title or
-  name. Authors should use titles that identify their documents even
-  when they are used out of context, for example in a user's history
-  or bookmarks, or in search results. The document's title is often
-  different from its first header, since the first header does not
-  have to stand alone when taken out of context.</p>
+  <p>The <code>title</code> element <span>represents</span> the
+  document's title or name. Authors should use titles that identify
+  their documents even when they are used out of context, for example
+  in a user's history or bookmarks, or in search results. The
+  document's title is often different from its first header, since the
+  first header does not have to stand alone when taken out of
+  context.</p>
 
   <p>There must be no more than one <code>title</code> element per
   document.</p>
@@ -8762,7 +8767,9 @@
   <span>document base URL</span> for the purposes of <span
   title="resolve a url">resolving relative URLs</span>, and the name
   of the default <span>browsing context</span> for the purposes of
-  <span>following hyperlinks</span>.</p>
+  <span>following hyperlinks</span>. The element does not <span
+  title="represents">represent</span> any content beyond this
+  information.</p>
 
   <p>There must be no more than one <code>base</code> element per
   document.</p>
@@ -8845,19 +8852,19 @@
   <p>The <code>link</code> element allows authors to link their
   document to other resources.</p>
 
-  <p>The destination of the link is given by the <dfn
+  <p>The destination of the link(s) is given by the <dfn
   title="attr-link-href"><code>href</code></dfn> attribute, which must
   be present and must contain a <span>valid URL</span>. If the <code
   title="attr-link-href">href</code> attribute is absent, then the
   element does not define a link.</p>
 
-  <p>The type of link indicated (the relationship) is given by the
+  <p>The types of link indicated (the relationships) are given by the
   value of the <dfn title="attr-link-rel"><code>rel</code></dfn>
   attribute, which must be present, and must have a value that is a
   <span>set of space-separated tokens</span>. The <a
   href="#linkTypes">allowed values and their meanings</a> are defined
   in a later section. If the <code title="attr-link-rel">rel</code>
-  attribute is absent, or if the value used is not allowed according
+  attribute is absent, or if the values used are not allowed according
   to the definitions in this specification, then the element does not
   define a link.</p>
 
@@ -9135,10 +9142,10 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>meta</code> element represents various kinds of
-  metadata that cannot be expressed using the <code>title</code>,
-  <code>base</code>, <code>link</code>, <code>style</code>, and
-  <code>script</code> elements.</p>
+  <p>The <code>meta</code> element <span>represents</span> various
+  kinds of metadata that cannot be expressed using the
+  <code>title</code>, <code>base</code>, <code>link</code>,
+  <code>style</code>, and <code>script</code> elements.</p>
 
   <p>The <code>meta</code> element can represent document-level
   metadata with the <code title="attr-meta-name">name</code>
@@ -9845,7 +9852,8 @@
   <p>The <code>style</code> element allows authors to embed style
   information in their documents. The <code>style</code> element is
   one of several inputs to the <span>styling processing
-  model</span>.</p>
+  model</span>. The element does not <span
+  title="represents">represent</span> content for the user.</p>
 
   <p>If the <dfn title="attr-style-type"><code>type</code></dfn>
   attribute is given, it must contain a valid MIME type, optionally
@@ -10084,7 +10092,8 @@
   </dl>
 
   <p>The <code>script</code> element allows authors to include dynamic
-  script and data blocks in their documents.</p>
+  script and data blocks in their documents.  The element does not
+  <span title="represents">represent</span> content for the user.</p>
 
   <p>When used to include dynamic scripts, the scripts may either be
   embedded inline or may be imported from an external file using the
@@ -10756,10 +10765,13 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>noscript</code> element does not represent anything. It
-  is used to present different markup to user agents that support
-  scripting and those that don't support scripting, by affecting how
-  the document is parsed.</p>
+  <p>The <code>noscript</code> element <span>represents</span> nothing
+  if <span title="concept-n-script">scripting is enabled</span>, and
+  <span>represents</span> its children if <span
+  title="concept-n-noscript">scripting is disabled</span>. It is used
+  to present different markup to user agents that support scripting
+  and those that don't support scripting, by affecting how the
+  document is parsed.</p>
 
   <p>When used in <span>HTML documents</span>, the allowed content
   model is as follows:</p>
@@ -10775,7 +10787,7 @@
    elements.</p></dd>
 
    <dt>In a <code>head</code> element, if <span
-   title="concept-n-noscript">scripting is enabled</span> for the
+   title="concept-n-script">scripting is enabled</span> for the
    <code>noscript</code> element</dt>
 
    <dd><p>The <code>noscript</code> element must contain only text,
@@ -10798,7 +10810,7 @@
    nested).</p></dd>
 
    <dt>Outside of <code>head</code> elements, if <span
-   title="concept-n-noscript">scripting is enabled</span> for the
+   title="concept-n-script">scripting is enabled</span> for the
    <code>noscript</code> element</dt>
 
    <dd>
@@ -10907,8 +10919,8 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>eventsource</code> element represents a target for
-  events generated by a remote server.</p>
+  <p>The <code>eventsource</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  target for events generated by a remote server.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-eventsource-src"><code>src</code></dfn>
   attribute, if specified, must give a <span>valid URL</span>
@@ -11050,8 +11062,8 @@
 </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>body</code> element represents the main content of the
-  document.</p>
+  <p>The <code>body</code> element <span>represents</span> the main
+  content of the document.</p>
 
   <p>In conforming documents, there is only one <code>body</code>
   element. The <code title="dom-document-body">document.body</code>
@@ -11115,10 +11127,10 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>section</code> element represents a generic document or
-  application section. A section, in this context, is a thematic
-  grouping of content, typically with a header, possibly with a
-  footer.</p>
+  <p>The <code>section</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  generic document or application section. A section, in this context,
+  is a thematic grouping of content, typically with a header, possibly
+  with a footer.</p>
 
   <p class="example">Examples of sections would be chapters, the
   various tabbed pages in a tabbed dialog box, or the numbered
@@ -11166,14 +11178,14 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>nav</code> element represents a section of a page that
-  links to other pages or to parts within the page: a section with
-  navigation links. Not all groups of links on a page need to be in a
-  <code>nav</code> element — only sections that consist of
-  primary navigation blocks are appropriate for the <code>nav</code>
-  element. In particular, it is common for footers to have a list of
-  links to various key parts of a site, but the <code>footer</code>
-  element is more appropriate in such cases.</p>
+  <p>The <code>nav</code> element <span>represents</span> a section of
+  a page that links to other pages or to parts within the page: a
+  section with navigation links. Not all groups of links on a page
+  need to be in a <code>nav</code> element — only sections that
+  consist of primary navigation blocks are appropriate for the
+  <code>nav</code> element. In particular, it is common for footers to
+  have a list of links to various key parts of a site, but the
+  <code>footer</code> element is more appropriate in such cases.</p>
 
   <div class="example">
 
@@ -11229,11 +11241,12 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>article</code> element represents a section of a page
-  that consists of a composition that forms an independent part of a
-  document, page, or site. This could be a forum post, a magazine or
-  newspaper article, a Web log entry, a user-submitted comment, or any
-  other independent item of content.</p>
+  <p>The <code>article</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  section of a page that consists of a composition that forms an
+  independent part of a document, page, or site. This could be a forum
+  post, a magazine or newspaper article, a Web log entry, a
+  user-submitted comment, or any other independent item of
+  content.</p>
 
   <p class="note">An <code>article</code> element is "independent" in
   that its contents could stand alone, for example in syndication.
@@ -11274,11 +11287,11 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>aside</code> element represents a section of a page
-  that consists of content that is tangentially related to the content
-  around the <code>aside</code> element, and which could be considered
-  separate from that content. Such sections are often represented as
-  sidebars in printed typography.</p>
+  <p>The <code>aside</code> element <span>represents</span> a section
+  of a page that consists of content that is tangentially related to
+  the content around the <code>aside</code> element, and which could
+  be considered separate from that content. Such sections are often
+  represented as sidebars in printed typography.</p>
 
   <div class="example">
 
@@ -11372,13 +11385,13 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>header</code> element represents the header of a
-  section. The element is typically used to group a set of
-  <code>h1</code>–<code>h6</code> elements to mark up a page's title
-  with its subtitle or tagline. However, <code>header</code> elements
-  may contain more than just the section's headings and subheadings
-  — for example it would be reasonable for the header to include
-  version history information.
+  <p>The <code>header</code> element <span>represents</span> the
+  header of a section. The element is typically used to group a set of
+  <code>h1</code>–<code>h6</code> elements to mark up a page's
+  title with its subtitle or tagline. However, <code>header</code>
+  elements may contain more than just the section's headings and
+  subheadings — for example it would be reasonable for the
+  header to include version history information.
 
   <p>For the purposes of document summaries, outlines, and the like,
   the text of <code>header</code> elements is defined to be the text
@@ -11460,10 +11473,11 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>footer</code> element represents a footer for the
-  section it <a href="#applyToSection">applies</a> to. A footer
-  typically contains information about its section such as who wrote
-  it, links to related documents, copyright data, and the like.</p>
+  <p>The <code>footer</code> element <span>represents</span> a footer
+  for the section it <a href="#applyToSection">applies</a> to. A
+  footer typically contains information about its section such as who
+  wrote it, links to related documents, copyright data, and the
+  like.</p>
 
   <p>Contact information for the section given in a
   <code>footer</code> should be marked up using the
@@ -11514,10 +11528,11 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>address</code> element represents the contact
-  information for the section it <a href="#applyToSection">applies</a>
-  to. If it applies to <span>the body element</span>, then it instead
-  applies to the document as a whole.</p>
+  <p>The <code>address</code> element <span>represents</span> the
+  contact information for the section it <a
+  href="#applyToSection">applies</a> to. If it applies to <span>the
+  body element</span>, then it instead applies to the document as a
+  whole.</p>
 
   <div class="example">
    <p>For example, a page at the W3C Web site related to HTML might
@@ -11569,10 +11584,12 @@
   <code>header</code> element are headings.</p>
 
   <p>The first element of <span>heading content</span> in an element
-  of <span>sectioning content</span> gives the header for that
-  section. Subsequent headers of equal or higher <span>rank</span>
-  start new (implied) sections, headers of lower <span>rank</span>
-  start subsections that are part of the previous one.</p>
+  of <span>sectioning content</span> <span>represents</span> the
+  header for that section. Subsequent headers of equal or higher
+  <span>rank</span> start new (implied) sections, headers of lower
+  <span>rank</span> start implied subsections that are part of the
+  previous one. In both cases, the element <span>represents</span> the
+  header of the implied section.</p>
 
   <p><span>Sectioning content</span> elements are always considered
   subsections of their nearest ancestor element of <span>sectioning
@@ -12079,7 +12096,7 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>p</code> element represents a
+  <p>The <code>p</code> element <span>represents</span> a
   <span>paragraph</span>.</p>
 
   <div class="example">
@@ -12151,7 +12168,7 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>hr</code> element represents a
+  <p>The <code>hr</code> element <span>represents</span> a
   <span>paragraph</span>-level thematic break, e.g. a scene change in
   a story, or a transition to another topic within a section of a
   reference book.</p>
@@ -12173,7 +12190,8 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>br</code> element represents a line break.</p>
+  <p>The <code>br</code> element <span>represents</span> a line
+  break.</p>
 
   <p><code>br</code> elements must be empty. Any content inside
   <code>br</code> elements must not be considered part of the
@@ -12244,9 +12262,9 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>pre</code> element represents a block of preformatted
-  text, in which structure is represented by typographic conventions
-  rather than by elements.</p>
+  <p>The <code>pre</code> element <span>represents</span> a block of
+  preformatted text, in which structure is represented by typographic
+  conventions rather than by elements.</p>
 
   <p class="note"><strong>In the <span title="">HTML
   serialization</span><!-- XXX xref -->, a leading newline character
@@ -12347,7 +12365,10 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>dialog</code> element represents a conversation.</p>
+  <p>The <code>dialog</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  conversation, meeting minutes, a chat transcript, a dialog in a
+  screenplay, an instant message log, or some other construct in which
+  different players take turns in discourse.</p>
 
   <p>Each part of the conversation must have an explicit talker (or
   speaker) given by a <code>dt</code> element, and a discourse (or
@@ -12409,8 +12430,8 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>blockquote</code> element represents a section that is
-  quoted from another source.</p>
+  <p>The <code>blockquote</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  section that is quoted from another source.</p>
 
   <p>Content inside a <code>blockquote</code> must be quoted from
   another source, whose address, if it has one, should be cited in the
@@ -12469,9 +12490,9 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>ol</code> element represents a list of items, where the
-  items have been intentionally ordered, such that changing the order
-  would change the meaning of the document.</p>
+  <p>The <code>ol</code> element <span>represents</span> a list of
+  items, where the items have been intentionally ordered, such that
+  changing the order would change the meaning of the document.</p>
 
   <p>The items of the list are the <code>li</code> element child nodes
   of the <code>ol</code> element, in <span>tree order</span>.</p>
@@ -12567,10 +12588,10 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>ul</code> element represents a list of items, where the
-  order of the items is not important — that is, where changing
-  the order would not materially change the meaning of the
-  document.</p>
+  <p>The <code>ul</code> element <span>represents</span> a list of
+  items, where the order of the items is not important — that
+  is, where changing the order would not materially change the meaning
+  of the document.</p>
 
   <p>The items of the list are the <code>li</code> element child nodes
   of the <code>ul</code> element.</p>
@@ -12630,12 +12651,12 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>li</code> element represents a list item. If its parent
-  element is an <code>ol</code>, <code>ul</code>, or <code>menu</code>
-  element, then the element is an item of the parent element's list,
-  as defined for those elements. Otherwise, the list item has no
-  defined list-related relationship to any other <code>li</code>
-  element.</p>
+  <p>The <code>li</code> element <span>represents</span> a list
+  item. If its parent element is an <code>ol</code>, <code>ul</code>,
+  or <code>menu</code> element, then the element is an item of the
+  parent element's list, as defined for those elements. Otherwise, the
+  list item has no defined list-related relationship to any other
+  <code>li</code> element.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-li-value"><code>value</code></dfn>
   attribute, if present, must be a <span>valid integer</span> giving
@@ -12725,11 +12746,11 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>dl</code> element introduces an association list
-  consisting of zero or more name-value groups (a description
-  list). Each group must consist of one or more names (<code>dt</code>
-  elements) followed by one or more values (<code>dd</code>
-  elements).</p>
+  <p>The <code>dl</code> element <span>represents</span> an
+  association list consisting of zero or more name-value groups (a
+  description list). Each group must consist of one or more names
+  (<code>dt</code> elements) followed by one or more values
+  (<code>dd</code> elements).</p>
 
   <p>Name-value groups may be terms and definitions, metadata topics
   and values, or any other groups of name-value data.</p>
@@ -12872,10 +12893,11 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>dt</code> element represents the term, or name, part of
-  a term-description group in a description list (<code>dl</code>
-  element), and the talker, or speaker, part of a talker-discourse
-  pair in a conversation (<code>dialog</code> element).</p>
+  <p>The <code>dt</code> element <span>represents</span> the term, or
+  name, part of a term-description group in a description list
+  (<code>dl</code> element), and the talker, or speaker, part of a
+  talker-discourse pair in a conversation (<code>dialog</code>
+  element).</p>
 
   <p class="note">The <code>dt</code> element itself, when used in a
   <code>dl</code> element, does not indicate that its contents are a
@@ -12925,10 +12947,10 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>dd</code> element represents the description,
-  definition, or value, part of a term-description group in a
-  description list (<code>dl</code> element), and the discourse, or
-  quote, part in a conversation (<code>dialog</code> element).</p>
+  <p>The <code>dd</code> element <span>represents</span> the
+  description, definition, or value, part of a term-description group
+  in a description list (<code>dl</code> element), and the discourse,
+  or quote, part in a conversation (<code>dialog</code> element).</p>
 
   <div class="example">
 
@@ -13051,12 +13073,13 @@
 
   <p>If the <code>a</code> element has an <code
   title="attr-hyperlink-href">href</code> attribute, then it
-  represents a <span>hyperlink</span>.</p>
+  <span>represents</span> a <span>hyperlink</span> (a hypertext
+  anchor).</p>
 
   <p>If the <code>a</code> element has no <code
   title="attr-hyperlink-href">href</code> attribute, then the element
-  is a placeholder for where a link might otherwise have been placed,
-  if it had been relevant.</p>
+  <span>represents</span> a placeholder for where a link might
+  otherwise have been placed, if it had been relevant.</p>
 
   <p>The <code title="attr-hyperlink-target">target</code>, <code
   title="attr-hyperlink-ping">ping</code>, <code
@@ -13215,8 +13238,9 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>q</code> element represents some <span title="phrasing
-  content">phrasing content</span> quoted from another source.</p>
+  <p>The <code>q</code> element <span>represents</span> some <span
+  title="phrasing content">phrasing content</span> quoted from another
+  source.</p>
 
   <p>Quotation punctuation (such as quotation marks) must not appear
   immediately before, after, or inside <code>q</code> elements; they
@@ -13317,8 +13341,8 @@
    <!-- XXX should the cite element have a cite attribute? -->
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>cite</code> element represents the title of a work
-  (e.g.
+  <p>The <code>cite</code> element <span>represents</span> the title
+  of a work (e.g.
   a book,
   a paper,
   an essay,
@@ -13440,8 +13464,8 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>em</code> element represents stress emphasis of its
-  contents.</p>
+  <p>The <code>em</code> element <span>represents</span> stress
+  emphasis of its contents.</p>
 
   <p>The level of emphasis that a particular piece of content has is
   given by its number of ancestor <code>em</code> elements.</p>
@@ -13518,8 +13542,8 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>strong</code> element represents strong importance for
-  its contents.</p>
+  <p>The <code>strong</code> element <span>represents</span> strong
+  importance for its contents.</p>
 
   <p>The relative level of importance of a piece of content is given
   by its number of ancestor <code>strong</code> elements; each
@@ -13558,9 +13582,9 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>small</code> element represents small print (part of a
-  document often describing legal restrictions, such as copyrights or
-  other disadvantages), or other side comments.</p>
+  <p>The <code>small</code> element <span>represents</span> small
+  print (part of a document often describing legal restrictions, such
+  as copyrights or other disadvantages), or other side comments.</p>
 
   <p class="note">The <code>small</code> element does not
   "de-emphasize" or lower the importance of text emphasised by the
@@ -13612,24 +13636,18 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>mark</code> element represents a run of text in one
-  document marked or highlighted for reference purposes, due to its
-  relevance in another context. When used in a quotation or other
-  block of text referred to from the prose, it indicates a highlight
-  that was not originally present but which has been added to bring
-  the reader's attention to a part of the text that might not have
-  been considered important by the original author when the block was
-  originally written, but which is now under previously unexpected
+  <p>The <code>mark</code> element <span>represents</span> a run of
+  text in one document marked or highlighted for reference purposes,
+  due to its relevance in another context. When used in a quotation or
+  other block of text referred to from the prose, it indicates a
+  highlight that was not originally present but which has been added
+  to bring the reader's attention to a part of the text that might not
+  have been considered important by the original author when the block
+  was originally written, but which is now under previously unexpected
   scrutiny. When used in the main prose of a document, it indicates a
   part of the document that has been highlighted due to its likely
   relevance to the user's current activity.</p>
 
-  <p class="XXX">The rendering section will eventually suggest
-  that user agents provide a way to let users jump between
-  <code>mark</code> elements. Suggested rendering is a neon yellow
-  background highlight, though UAs maybe should allow this to be
-  toggled.</p>
-
   <div class="example">
    <p>This example shows how the <code>mark</code> example can be used
    to bring attention to a particular part of a quotation:</p>
@@ -13758,13 +13776,13 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>dfn</code> element represents the defining instance of
-  a term. The <span title="paragraph">paragraph</span>, <span
-  title="dl">description list group</span>, or <span title="sectioning
-  content">section</span> that is the nearest ancestor of the
-  <code>dfn</code> element must also contain the definition(s) for the
-  <span title="defining term">term</span> given by the
-  <code>dfn</code> element.</p>
+  <p>The <code>dfn</code> element <span>represents</span> the defining
+  instance of a term. The <span title="paragraph">paragraph</span>,
+  <span title="dl">description list group</span>, or <span
+  title="sectioning content">section</span> that is the nearest
+  ancestor of the <code>dfn</code> element must also contain the
+  definition(s) for the <span title="defining term">term</span> given
+  by the <code>dfn</code> element.</p>
 
   <p><dfn>Defining term</dfn>: If the <code>dfn</code> element has a
   <dfn title="attr-dfn-title"><code>title</code></dfn> attribute, then
@@ -13831,8 +13849,8 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>abbr</code> element represents an abbreviation or
-  acronym, optionally with its expansion. The <dfn
+  <p>The <code>abbr</code> element <span>represents</span> an
+  abbreviation or acronym, optionally with its expansion. The <dfn
   title="attr-abbr-title"><code>title</code></dfn> attribute may be
   used to provide an expansion of the abbreviation. The attribute, if
   specified, must contain an expansion of the abbreviation, and
@@ -13960,8 +13978,8 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>time</code> element represents a precise date and/or a
-  time in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. <a
+  <p>The <code>time</code> element <span>represents</span> a precise
+  date and/or a time in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. <a
   href="#refsGREGORIAN">[GREGORIAN]</a></p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-time-datetime"><code>datetime</code></dfn>
@@ -14107,13 +14125,13 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>progress</code> element represents the completion
-  progress of a task. The progress is either indeterminate, indicating
-  that progress is being made but that it is not clear how much more
-  work remains to be done before the task is complete (e.g. because
-  the task is waiting for a remote host to respond), or the progress
-  is a number in the range zero to a maximum, giving the fraction of
-  work that has so far been completed.</p>
+  <p>The <code>progress</code> element <span>represents</span> the
+  completion progress of a task. The progress is either indeterminate,
+  indicating that progress is being made but that it is not clear how
+  much more work remains to be done before the task is complete
+  (e.g. because the task is waiting for a remote host to respond), or
+  the progress is a number in the range zero to a maximum, giving the
+  fraction of work that has so far been completed.</p>
 
   <p>There are two attributes that determine the current task
   completion represented by the element.</p>
@@ -14299,10 +14317,10 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>meter</code> element represents a scalar measurement
-  within a known range, or a fractional value; for example disk usage,
-  the relevance of a query result, or the fraction of a voting
-  population to have selected a particular candidate.</p>
+  <p>The <code>meter</code> element <span>represents</span> a scalar
+  measurement within a known range, or a fractional value; for example
+  disk usage, the relevance of a query result, or the fraction of a
+  voting population to have selected a particular candidate.</p>
 
   <p>This is also known as a gauge.</p>
 
@@ -14778,9 +14796,10 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>code</code> element represents a fragment of computer
-  code. This could be an XML element name, a filename, a computer
-  program, or any other string that a computer would recognize.</p>
+  <p>The <code>code</code> element <span>represents</span> a fragment
+  of computer code. This could be an XML element name, a filename, a
+  computer program, or any other string that a computer would
+  recognize.</p>
 
   <p>Although there is no formal way to indicate the language of
   computer code being marked up, authors who wish to mark
@@ -14842,10 +14861,10 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>var</code> element represents a variable. This could be
-  an actual variable in a mathematical expression or programming
-  context, or it could just be a term used as a placeholder in
-  prose.</p>
+  <p>The <code>var</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  variable. This could be an actual variable in a mathematical
+  expression or programming context, or it could just be a term used
+  as a placeholder in prose.</p>
 
   <div class="example">
    <p>In the paragraph below, the letter "n" is being used as a
@@ -14903,8 +14922,8 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>samp</code> element represents (sample) output from a
-  program or computing system.</p>
+  <p>The <code>samp</code> element <span>represents</span> (sample)
+  output from a program or computing system.</p>
 
   <p class="note">See the <code>pre</code> and <code>kbd</code>
   elements for more details.</p>
@@ -14945,9 +14964,9 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>kbd</code> element represents user input (typically
-  keyboard input, although it may also be used to represent other
-  input, such as voice commands).</p>
+  <p>The <code>kbd</code> element <span>represents</span> user input
+  (typically keyboard input, although it may also be used to represent
+  other input, such as voice commands).</p>
 
   <p>When the <code>kbd</code> element is nested inside a
   <code>samp</code> element, it represents the input as it was echoed
@@ -14994,8 +15013,9 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>sup</code> element represents a superscript and the
-  <code>sub</code> element represents a subscript.</p>
+  <p>The <code>sup</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  superscript and the <code>sub</code> element <span>represents</span>
+  a subscript.</p>
 
   <p>These elements must be used only to mark up typographical
   conventions with specific meanings, not for typographical
@@ -15058,7 +15078,8 @@
   but can be useful when used together with other attributes,
   e.g. <code title="attr-class">class</code>, <code
   title="attr-lang">lang</code>, or <code
-  title="attr-dir">dir</code>.</p>
+  title="attr-dir">dir</code>. It <span>represents</span> its
+  children.</p>
 
 
   <h4>The <dfn><code>i</code></dfn> element</h4>
@@ -15077,11 +15098,12 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>i</code> element represents a span of text in an
-  alternate voice or mood, or otherwise offset from the normal prose,
-  such as a taxonomic designation, a technical term, an idiomatic
-  phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, or some other
-  prose whose typical typographic presentation is italicized.</p>
+  <p>The <code>i</code> element <span>represents</span> a span of text
+  in an alternate voice or mood, or otherwise offset from the normal
+  prose, such as a taxonomic designation, a technical term, an
+  idiomatic phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, or
+  some other prose whose typical typographic presentation is
+  italicized.</p>
 
   <p>Terms in languages different from the main text should be
   annotated with <code title="attr-lang">lang</code> attributes (<code
@@ -15138,11 +15160,11 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>b</code> element represents a span of text to be
-  stylistically offset from the normal prose without conveying any
-  extra importance, such as key words in a document abstract, product
-  names in a review, or other spans of text whose typical typographic
-  presentation is boldened.</p>
+  <p>The <code>b</code> element <span>represents</span> a span of text
+  to be stylistically offset from the normal prose without conveying
+  any extra importance, such as key words in a document abstract,
+  product names in a review, or other spans of text whose typical
+  typographic presentation is boldened.</p>
 
   <div class="example">
    <p>The following example shows a use of the <code>b</code> element
@@ -15211,9 +15233,10 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>bdo</code> element allows authors to override the
-  Unicode bidi algorithm by explicitly specifying a direction
-  override. <a href="#refsBIDI">[BIDI]</a></p>
+  <p>The <code>bdo</code> element <span>represents</span> explicit
+  text directionality formatting control for its children. It allows
+  authors to override the Unicode bidi algorithm by explicitly
+  specifying a direction override. <a href="#refsBIDI">[BIDI]</a></p>
 
   <p>Authors must specify the <code title="attr-dir">dir</code>
   attribute on this element, with the value <code>ltr</code> to
@@ -15267,9 +15290,9 @@
   pronounciation or to include other annotations. In Japanese, this
   form of typography is also known as <i>furigana</i>.</p>
 
-  <p>A <code>ruby</code> element represents the spans of phrasing
-  content it contains, ignoring all the child <code>rt</code> and
-  <code>rp</code> elements and their descendants. Those spans of
+  <p>A <code>ruby</code> element <span>represents</span> the spans of
+  phrasing content it contains, ignoring all the child <code>rt</code>
+  and <code>rp</code> elements and their descendants. Those spans of
   phrasing content have associated annotations created using the
   <code>rt</code> element.</p>
 
@@ -15360,10 +15383,10 @@
   ruby annotation.</p>
 
   <p>An <code>rt</code> element that is a child of a <code>ruby</code>
-  element represents an annotation (given by its children) for the
-  zero or more nodes of phrasing content that immediately precedes it
-  in the <code>ruby</code> element, ignoring <code>rp</code>
-  elements.</p>
+  element <span>represents</span> an annotation (given by its
+  children) for the zero or more nodes of phrasing content that
+  immediately precedes it in the <code>ruby</code> element, ignoring
+  <code>rp</code> elements.</p>
 
   <p>An <code>rt</code> element that is not a child of a
   <code>ruby</code> element represents the same thing as its
@@ -15391,10 +15414,9 @@
   user agents that don't support ruby annotations.</p>
 
   <p>An <code>rp</code> element that is a child of a <code>ruby</code>
-  element represents nothing and it and its contents must be
-  ignored. An <code>rp</code> element whose parent element is not a
-  <code>ruby</code> element represents the same thing as its
-  children.</p>
+  element <span>represents</span> nothing and it and its contents must
+  be ignored. An <code>rp</code> element whose parent element is not a
+  <code>ruby</code> element <span>represents</span> its children.</p>
 
   <div class="example">
 
@@ -15541,8 +15563,8 @@
    <dd>Uses the <code>HTMLModElement</code> interface.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>ins</code> element represents an addition to the
-  document.</p>
+  <p>The <code>ins</code> element <span>represents</span> an addition
+  to the document.</p>
 
   <div class="example">
 
@@ -15628,8 +15650,8 @@
    <dd>Uses the <code>HTMLModElement</code> interface.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>del</code> element represents a removal from the
-  document.</p>
+  <p>The <code>del</code> element <span>represents</span> a removal
+  from the document.</p>
 
   <p><code>del</code> elements should not cross <span
   title="paragraph">implied paragraph</span> boundaries.</p>
@@ -15824,10 +15846,10 @@
 
   <!-- v2: Add a <credit> element for photo credits -->
 
-  <p>The <code>figure</code> element represents some <span>flow
-  content</span>, optionally with a caption, which can be moved away
-  from the main flow of the document without affecting the document's
-  meaning.</p>
+  <p>The <code>figure</code> element <span>represents</span> some
+  <span>flow content</span>, optionally with a caption, which can be
+  moved away from the main flow of the document without affecting the
+  document's meaning.</p>
 
   <p>The element can thus be used to annotate illustrations, diagrams,
   photos, code listings, etc, that are referred to from the main
@@ -16124,14 +16146,14 @@
     document.</p>
 
     <p>If the image is <i>available</i> and the user agent is
-    configured to display that image, then the element represents the
-    image specified by the <code title="attr-img-src">src</code>
-    attribute.</p>
+    configured to display that image, then the element
+    <span>represents</span> the image specified by the <code
+    title="attr-img-src">src</code> attribute.</p>
 
-    <p>Otherwise, the element represents nothing, and may be omitted
-    completely from the rendering. User agents may provide the user
-    with a notification that an image is present but has been omitted
-    from the rendering.</p>
+    <p>Otherwise, the element <span>represents</span> nothing, and may
+    be omitted completely from the rendering. User agents may provide
+    the user with a notification that an image is present but has been
+    omitted from the rendering.</p>
 
    </dd>
 
@@ -16145,15 +16167,15 @@
     title="attr-img-alt">alt</code> attribute gives a textual
     equivalent or replacement for the image.</p>
 
-    <p>If the image is <i>available</i> and the user agent is configured to
-    display that image, then the element represents the image
-    specified by the <code title="attr-img-src">src</code>
-    attribute.</p>
+    <p>If the image is <i>available</i> and the user agent is
+    configured to display that image, then the element
+    <span>represents</span> the image specified by the <code
+    title="attr-img-src">src</code> attribute.</p>
 
-    <p>Otherwise, the element represents the text given by the <code
-    title="attr-img-alt">alt</code> attribute. User agents may provide
-    the user with a notification that an image is present but has been
-    omitted from the rendering.</p>
+    <p>Otherwise, the element <span>represents</span> the text given
+    by the <code title="attr-img-alt">alt</code> attribute. User
+    agents may provide the user with a notification that an image is
+    present but has been omitted from the rendering.</p>
 
    </dd>
 
@@ -16165,9 +16187,9 @@
     <p>The image might be a key part of the content, and there is no
     textual equivalent of the image available.</p>
 
-    <p>If the image is <i>available</i>, the element represents the
-    image specified by the <code title="attr-img-src">src</code>
-    attribute.</p>
+    <p>If the image is <i>available</i>, the element
+    <span>represents</span> the image specified by the <code
+    title="attr-img-src">src</code> attribute.</p>
 
     <p>If the image is not <i>available</i> or if the user agent is
     not configured to display the image, then the user agent should
@@ -16215,7 +16237,7 @@
 
    <dd>
 
-    <p>The element represents nothing.</p>
+    <p>The element <span>represents</span> nothing.</p>
 
    </dd>
 
@@ -16223,7 +16245,7 @@
 
    <dd>
 
-    <p>The element represents the text given by the <code
+    <p>The element <span>represents</span> the text given by the <code
     title="attr-img-alt">alt</code> attribute.</p>
 
    </dd>
@@ -17310,11 +17332,11 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>iframe</code> element introduces a new nested
-  <span>browsing context</span>.</p>
+  <p>The <code>iframe</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  <span>nested browsing context</span>.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-iframe-src"><code>src</code></dfn> attribute
-  gives the address of a page that the nested <span>browsing
+  gives the address of a page that the <span>nested browsing
   context</span> is to contain. The attribute, if present, must be a
   <span>valid URL</span>. When the browsing context is created, if the
   attribute is present, the user agent must <span title="resolve a
@@ -17781,9 +17803,9 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>embed</code> element represents an integration point
-  for an external (typically non-HTML) application or interactive
-  content.</p>
+  <p>The <code>embed</code> element <span>represents</span> an
+  integration point for an external (typically non-HTML) application
+  or interactive content.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-embed-src"><code>src</code></dfn> attribute
   gives the address of the resource being embedded. The attribute, if
@@ -18188,8 +18210,8 @@
        <dd>
 
         <p>The <code>object</code> element must be associated with a
-        nested <span>browsing context</span>, if it does not already
-        have one. The element's nested <span>browsing context</span>
+        <span>nested browsing context</span>, if it does not already
+        have one. The element's <span>nested browsing context</span>
         must then be <span title="navigate">navigated</span> to the
         given resource, with <span>replacement enabled</span>, and
         with the <code>object</code> element's document's
@@ -18200,6 +18222,9 @@
         browsing context gets further navigated to other
         locations.)</p>
 
+        <p>The <code>object</code> element <span>represents</span> the
+        <span>nested browsing context</span>.</p>
+
         <p>If the <code title="attr-object-name">name</code> attribute
         is present, the <span>browsing context name</span> must be set
         to the value of this attribute; otherwise, the <span>browsing
@@ -18224,8 +18249,8 @@
         <p>Apply the <span title="content-type sniffing: image">image
         sniffing</span> rules to determine the type of the image.</p>
 
-        <p>The <code>object</code> element represents the specified
-        image. The image is not a nested <span>browsing
+        <p>The <code>object</code> element <span>represents</span> the
+        specified image. The image is not a <span>nested browsing
         context</span>.</p>
 
         <p>If the image cannot be rendered, e.g. because it is
@@ -18271,9 +18296,9 @@
    can be found, or if the <span>plugin</span> reports an error, jump to the next
    step (fallback).</p></li>
 
-   <li><p>(Fallback.) The <code>object</code> element represents what
-   the element's contents represent, ignoring any leading
-   <code>param</code> element children. This is the element's
+   <li><p>(Fallback.) The <code>object</code> element
+   <span>represents</span> the element's children, ignoring any
+   leading <code>param</code> element children. This is the element's
    <span>fallback content</span>.</li>
 
   </ol>
@@ -18288,8 +18313,9 @@
   <span>plugin</span> used. If the <span>plugin</span> supports a
   scriptable interface, the <code>HTMLObjectElement</code> object
   representing the element should expose that interface. The
-  <span>plugin</span> is not a nested <span>browsing
-  context</span>.</p>
+  <code>object</code> element <span>represents</span> the
+  <span>plugin</span>. The <span>plugin</span> is not a nested
+  <span>browsing context</span>.</p>
 
   <p id="sandboxPluginObject">If the <span>sandboxed plugins browsing
   context flag</span> is set on the <span>browsing context</span> for
@@ -18410,7 +18436,8 @@
   </dl>
 
   <p>The <code>param</code> element defines parameters for plugins
-  invoked by <code>object</code> elements.</p>
+  invoked by <code>object</code> elements. It does not <span
+  title="represents">represent</span> anything on its own.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-param-name"><code>name</code></dfn>
   attribute gives the name of the parameter.</p>
@@ -18523,17 +18550,17 @@
   <p>When no video data is available (the element's <code
   title="dom-media-readyState">readyState</code> attribute is either
   <code title="dom-media-HAVE_NOTHING">HAVE_NOTHING</code> or <code
-  title="dom-media-HAVE_METADATA">HAVE_METADATA</code>),
-  <code>video</code> elements represent either the <span>poster
-  frame</span>, or nothing.</p>
+  title="dom-media-HAVE_METADATA">HAVE_METADATA</code>), the
+  <code>video</code> element <span>represents</span> either the
+  <span>poster frame</span>, or nothing.</p>
 
   <p>When a <code>video</code> element is <span
   title="dom-media-paused">paused</span> and the <span title="current
   playback position">current playback position</span> is the first
-  frame of video, the element represents either the frame of video
-  corresponding to the <span title="current playback position">current
-  playback position</span> or the <span>poster frame</span>, at the
-  discretion of the user agent.</p>
+  frame of video, the element <span>represents</span> either the frame
+  of video corresponding to the <span title="current playback
+  position">current playback position</span> or the <span>poster
+  frame</span>, at the discretion of the user agent.</p>
 
   <p>Notwithstanding the above, the <span>poster frame</span> should
   be preferred over nothing, but the <span>poster frame</span> should
@@ -18541,28 +18568,29 @@
 
   <p>When a <code>video</code> element is <span
   title="dom-media-paused">paused</span> at any other position, the
-  element represents the frame of video corresponding to the <span
-  title="current playback position">current playback position</span>,
-  or, if that is not yet available (e.g. because the video is seeking
-  or buffering), the last frame of the video to have been
-  rendered.</p>
+  element <span>represents</span> the frame of video corresponding to
+  the <span title="current playback position">current playback
+  position</span>, or, if that is not yet available (e.g. because the
+  video is seeking or buffering), the last frame of the video to have
+  been rendered.</p>
 
   <p>When a <code>video</code> element is <span>potentially
-  playing</span>, it represents the frame of video at the continuously
-  increasing <span title="current playback position">"current"
-  position</span>. When the <span>current playback position</span>
-  changes such that the last frame rendered is no longer the frame
-  corresponding to the <span>current playback position</span> in the
-  video, the new frame must be rendered. Similarly, any audio
-  associated with the video must, if played, be played synchronized
-  with the <span>current playback position</span>, at the specified
-  <span title="dom-media-volume">volume</span> with the specified
-  <span title="dom-media-muted">mute state</span>.</p>
+  playing</span>, it <span>represents</span> the frame of video at the
+  continuously increasing <span title="current playback
+  position">"current" position</span>. When the <span>current playback
+  position</span> changes such that the last frame rendered is no
+  longer the frame corresponding to the <span>current playback
+  position</span> in the video, the new frame must be
+  rendered. Similarly, any audio associated with the video must, if
+  played, be played synchronized with the <span>current playback
+  position</span>, at the specified <span
+  title="dom-media-volume">volume</span> with the specified <span
+  title="dom-media-muted">mute state</span>.</p>
 
   <p>When a <code>video</code> element is neither <span>potentially
   playing</span> nor <span title="dom-media-paused">paused</span>
-  (e.g. when seeking or stalled), the element represents the last
-  frame of the video to have been rendered.</p>
+  (e.g. when seeking or stalled), the element <span>represents</span>
+  the last frame of the video to have been rendered.</p>
 
   <p class="note">Which frame in a video stream corresponds to a
   particular playback position is defined by the video stream's
@@ -18575,8 +18603,8 @@
   appropriate manner.</p>
 
   <p>User agents that cannot render the video may instead make the
-  element represent a link to an external video playback utility or to
-  the video data itself.</p>
+  element <span title="represents">represent</span> a link to an
+  external video playback utility or to the video data itself.</p>
 
   <hr>
 
@@ -18730,8 +18758,8 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>An <code>audio</code> element represents a sound or audio
-  stream.</p>
+  <p>An <code>audio</code> element <span>represents</span> a sound or
+  audio stream.</p>
 
   <p>Content may be provided inside the <code>audio</code>
   element. User agents should not show this content to the user; it is
@@ -18823,7 +18851,8 @@
 
   <p>The <code>source</code> element allows authors to specify
   multiple <span title="media resource">media resources</span> for
-  <span title="media element">media elements</span>.</p>
+  <span title="media element">media elements</span>. It does not <span
+  title="represents">represent</span> anything on its own.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-source-src"><code>src</code></dfn> attribute
   gives the address of the <span>media resource</span>. The value must
@@ -21103,9 +21132,9 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>canvas</code> element represents a resolution-dependent
-  bitmap canvas, which can be used for rendering graphs, game
-  graphics, or other visual images on the fly.</p>
+  <p>The <code>canvas</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  resolution-dependent bitmap canvas, which can be used for rendering
+  graphs, game graphics, or other visual images on the fly.</p>
 
   <p>Authors should not use the <code>canvas</code> element in a
   document when a more suitable element is available. For example, it
@@ -23777,7 +23806,7 @@
 
   <p>The <code>map</code> element, in conjunction with any
   <code>area</code> element descendants, defines an <span>image
-  map</span>.</p>
+  map</span>. The element <span>represents</span> its children.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-map-name"><code>name</code></dfn> attribute
   gives the map a name so that it can be referenced. The attribute
@@ -23844,9 +23873,9 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>area</code> element represents either a hyperlink with
-  some text and a corresponding area on an <span>image map</span>, or
-  a dead area on an image map.</p>
+  <p>The <code>area</code> element <span>represents</span> either a
+  hyperlink with some text and a corresponding area on an <span>image
+  map</span>, or a dead area on an image map.</p>
 
   <p>If the <code>area</code> element has an <code
   title="attr-hyperlink-href">href</code> attribute, then the
@@ -24499,8 +24528,9 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>table</code> element represents data with more than one
-  dimension (a <span title="concept-table">table</span>).</p>
+  <p>The <code>table</code> element <span>represents</span> data with
+  more than one dimension, in the form of a <span
+  title="concept-table">table</span>.</p>
 
   <p class="XXX">we need some editorial text on how layout
   tables are bad practice and non-conforming</p>
@@ -24742,7 +24772,7 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>caption</code> element represents the title of the
+  <p>The <code>caption</code> element <span>represents</span> the title of the
   <code>table</code> that is its parent, if it has a parent and that
   is a <code>table</code> element.</p>
 
@@ -24773,7 +24803,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>colgroup</code> element represents a <span
+  <p>The <code>colgroup</code> element <span>represents</span> a <span
   title="concept-column-group">group</span> of one or more <span
   title="concept-column">columns</span> in the <code>table</code> that
   is its parent, if it has a parent and that is a <code>table</code>
@@ -24820,7 +24850,7 @@
   <p>If a <code>col</code> element has a parent and that is a
   <code>colgroup</code> element that itself has a parent that is a
   <code>table</code> element, then the <code>col</code> element
-  represents one or more <span title="concept-column">columns</span>
+  <span>represents</span> one or more <span title="concept-column">columns</span>
   in the <span title="concept-column-group">column group</span>
   represented by that <code>colgroup</code>.</p>
 
@@ -24866,7 +24896,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>tbody</code> element represents a <span
+  <p>The <code>tbody</code> element <span>represents</span> a <span
   title="concept-row-group">block</span> of <span
   title="concept-row">rows</span> that consist of a body of data for
   the parent <code>table</code> element, if the <code>tbody</code>
@@ -24935,7 +24965,7 @@
    <code>tbody</code> elements.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>thead</code> element represents the <span
+  <p>The <code>thead</code> element <span>represents</span> the <span
   title="concept-row-group">block</span> of <span
   title="concept-row">rows</span> that consist of the column labels
   (headers) for the parent <code>table</code> element, if the
@@ -24971,7 +25001,7 @@
    <code>tbody</code> elements.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>tfoot</code> element represents the <span
+  <p>The <code>tfoot</code> element <span>represents</span> the <span
   title="concept-row-group">block</span> of <span
   title="concept-row">rows</span> that consist of the column summaries
   (footers) for the parent <code>table</code> element, if the
@@ -25011,7 +25041,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>tr</code> element represents a <span
+  <p>The <code>tr</code> element <span>represents</span> a <span
   title="concept-row">row</span> of <span
   title="concept-cell">cells</span> in a <span
   title="concept-table">table</span>.</p>
@@ -25098,7 +25128,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>td</code> element represents a data <span
+  <p>The <code>td</code> element <span>represents</span> a data <span
   title="concept-cell">cell</span> in a table.</p>
 
   <p class="note">The <code>td</code> element and its <code
@@ -25131,7 +25161,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>th</code> element represents a header <span
+  <p>The <code>th</code> element <span>represents</span> a header <span
   title="concept-cell">cell</span> in a table.</p>
 
   <p>The <code>th</code> element may have a <dfn
@@ -26617,10 +26647,10 @@
    </dd> 
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>form</code> element represents a collection of <span
-  title="form-associated element">form-associated elements</span>,
-  some of which can represent editable values that can be submitted to
-  a server for processing.</p>
+  <p>The <code>form</code> element <span>represents</span> a
+  collection of <span title="form-associated element">form-associated
+  elements</span>, some of which can represent editable values that
+  can be submitted to a server for processing.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn
   title="attr-form-accept-charset"><code>accept-charset</code></dfn>
@@ -26824,7 +26854,7 @@
    </dd> 
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>fieldset</code> element represents a set of form
+  <p>The <code>fieldset</code> element <span>represents</span> a set of form
   controls grouped under a common name.</p>
 
   <p>The name of the group is given by the first <code>legend</code>
@@ -26898,7 +26928,7 @@
    </dd> 
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>label</code> represents a caption in a user
+  <p>The <code>label</code> <span>represents</span> a caption in a user
   interface. The caption can be associated with a specific form
   control, known as the <code>label</code> element's <dfn>labeled
   control</dfn>.</p>
@@ -27066,7 +27096,7 @@
 
   <!-- XXX add selectionStart and company -->
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a typed data field,
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a typed data field,
   usually with a form control to allow the user to edit the data.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-input-type"><code>type</code></dfn>
@@ -28285,7 +28315,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-hidden">Hidden</span> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a value that is not
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a value that is not
   intended to be examined or manipulated by the user.</p>
 
   <p><strong>Constraint validation:</strong> If an <code>input</code>
@@ -28357,7 +28387,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-search">Search</span> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a one line plain text
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a one line plain text
   edit control for the element's <span
   title="concept-fe-value">value</span>.</p>
 
@@ -28433,7 +28463,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-url">URL</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for editing a
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for editing a
   single <span>absolute URL</span> given in the element's <span
   title="concept-fe-value">value</span>.</p>
 
@@ -28524,7 +28554,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-email">E-mail</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for editing a
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for editing a
   list of e-mail addresses given in the element's <span
   title="concept-fe-value">value</span>.</p>
 
@@ -28639,7 +28669,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-password">Password</span> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a one line plain text
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a one line plain text
   edit control for the element's <span
   title="concept-fe-value">value</span>. The user agent should obscure
   the value so that people other than the user cannot see it.</p>
@@ -28713,7 +28743,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-datetime">Date and Time</span> state, the
   rules in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for setting
   the element's <span title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a
   string representing a specific <span title="concept-datetime">global
   date and time</span>. User agents may display the date and time in
@@ -28869,7 +28899,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-date">Date</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for setting
   the element's <span title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a
   string representing a specific <span
   title="concept-date">date</span>.</p>
@@ -29014,7 +29044,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-month">Month</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for setting
   the element's <span title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a
   string representing a specific <span
   title="concept-month">month</span>.</p>
@@ -29161,7 +29191,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-week">Week</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for setting
   the element's <span title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a
   string representing a specific <span
   title="concept-week">week</span>.</p>
@@ -29307,7 +29337,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-time">Time</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for setting
   the element's <span title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a
   string representing a specific <span
   title="concept-time">time</span>.</p>
@@ -29448,7 +29478,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-datetime-local">Local Date and Time</span>
   state, the rules in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for setting
   the element's <span title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a
   string representing a <span title="concept-datetime-local">local
   date and time</span>, with no time zone information.</p>
@@ -29576,7 +29606,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-number">Number</span> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for setting
   the element's <span title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a
   string representing a number.</p>
 
@@ -29693,7 +29723,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-range">Range</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control for setting
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control for setting
   the element's <span title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a
   string representing a number, but with the caveat that the exact
   value is not important, letting UAs provide a simpler interface than
@@ -29850,7 +29880,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-color">Color</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a color well control,
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a color well control,
   for setting the element's <span
   title="concept-fe-value">value</span> to a string representing a
   <span>simple color</span>.</p>
@@ -29940,7 +29970,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-checkbox">Checkbox</span> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a two-state control
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a two-state control
   that represents the element's <span
   title="concept-fe-checked">checkedness</span> state. If the
   element's <span title="concept-fe-checked">checkedness</span> state
@@ -30038,7 +30068,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-radio">Radio Button</span> state, the rules
   in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a control that, when
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a control that, when
   used in conjunction with other <code>input</code> elements, forms a
   <i>radio button group</i> in which only one control can have its
   <span title="concept-fe-checked">checkedness</span> state set to
@@ -30179,7 +30209,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-file">File Upload</span> state, the rules in this
   section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a list of <dfn
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a list of <dfn
   title="concept-input-type-file-selected">selected files</dfn>, each
   file consisting of a file name, a file type, and a file body (the
   contents of the file).</p>
@@ -30302,7 +30332,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-submit">Submit Button</span> state, the rules
   in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a button that, when
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a button that, when
   activated, submits the form. If the element has a <code
   title="attr-input-value">value</code> attribute, the button's label
   must be the value of that attribute; otherwise, it must be an
@@ -30385,7 +30415,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-image">Image Button</span> state, the rules
   in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents either an image from
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> either an image from
   which a user can select a coordinate and submit the form, or
   alternatively a button from which the user can submit the form. The
   element is a <span title="concept-button">button</span>,
@@ -30490,7 +30520,7 @@
 
   <p>If the <code title="attr-input-src">src</code> attribute is set,
   and the image is <i>available</i> and the user agent is configured
-  to display that image, then: The element represents a control for
+  to display that image, then: The element <span>represents</span> a control for
   selecting a <span
   title="concept-input-type-image-coordinate">coordinate</span> from
   the image specified by the <code title="attr-input-src">src</code>
@@ -30508,7 +30538,7 @@
   selecting a coordinate, then the coordinate (0,0) must be
   assumed.</p>
 
-  <p>Otherwise, the element represents a submit button whose label is
+  <p>Otherwise, the element <span>represents</span> a submit button whose label is
   given by the value of the <code title="attr-input-alt">alt</code>
   attribute; if the element is <i
   title="concept-input-mutable">mutable</i>, the user agent should
@@ -30611,7 +30641,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-reset">Reset Button</span> state, the rules
   in this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a button that, when
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a button that, when
   activated, resets the form. If the element has a <code
   title="attr-input-value">value</code> attribute, the button's label
   must be the value of that attribute; otherwise, it must be an
@@ -30684,7 +30714,7 @@
   title="attr-input-type-button">Button</span> state, the rules in
   this section apply.</p>
 
-  <p>The <code>input</code> element represents a button with no
+  <p>The <code>input</code> element <span>represents</span> a button with no
   default behavior. If the element has a <code
   title="attr-input-value">value</code> attribute, the button's label
   must be the value of that attribute; otherwise, it must be the empty
@@ -31587,7 +31617,7 @@
    </dd> 
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>button</code> element represents a button. If the
+  <p>The <code>button</code> element <span>represents</span> a button. If the
   element is not <span title="concept-fe-disabled">disabled</span>,
   then the user agent should allow the user to activate the
   button.</p>
@@ -31775,10 +31805,10 @@
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-select-multiple"><code>multiple</code></dfn>
   attribute is a <span>boolean attribute</span>. If the attribute is
-  present, then the <code>select</code> element represents a control
+  present, then the <code>select</code> element <span>represents</span> a control
   for selecting zero or more options from the <span
   title="concept-select-option-list">list of options</span>. If the
-  attribute is absent, then the <code>select</code> element represents
+  attribute is absent, then the <code>select</code> element <span>represents</span>
   a control for selecting a single option from the <span
   title="concept-select-option-list">list of options</span>.</p>
 
@@ -32049,7 +32079,7 @@
   other controls. The contents of the element represents fallback
   content for legacy user agents, intermixed with <code>option</code>
   elements that represent the predefined options. In the rendering,
-  the <code>datalist</code> element represents nothing and it, along
+  the <code>datalist</code> element <span>represents</span> nothing and it, along
   with its children, should be hidden.</p>
 
   <p>The <code>datalist</code> element is hooked up to an
@@ -32089,7 +32119,7 @@
    </dd> 
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>optgroup</code> element represents a group of
+  <p>The <code>optgroup</code> element <span>represents</span> a group of
   <code>option</code> elements with a common label.</p>
 
   <p>The element's group of <code>option</code> elements consists of
@@ -32158,7 +32188,7 @@
    </dd> 
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>option</code> element represents an option in a
+  <p>The <code>option</code> element <span>represents</span> an option in a
   <code>select</code> element or as part of a list of suggestions in a
   <code>datalist</code> element.</p>
 
@@ -32351,7 +32381,7 @@
 
   <!-- XXX add selectionStart and company -->
 
-  <p>The <code>textarea</code> element represents a multiline plain
+  <p>The <code>textarea</code> element <span>represents</span> a multiline plain
   text edit control for the element's <dfn
   title="concept-textarea-raw-value">raw value</dfn>. The contents of
   the control represent the control's default value.</p>
@@ -32600,7 +32630,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>output</code> element represents the result of a
+  <p>The <code>output</code> element <span>represents</span> the result of a
   calculation.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="attr-output-for"><code>for</code></dfn> content
@@ -34344,7 +34374,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>details</code> element represents additional
+  <p>The <code>details</code> element <span>represents</span> additional
   information or controls which the user can obtain on demand.</p>
 
   <p class="note">The <code>details</code> element is not appropriate
@@ -34352,7 +34382,7 @@
   footnotes</a> for details on how to mark up footnotes.</p>
 
   <p>The first element child of a <code>details</code> element, if it
-  is a <code>legend</code> element, represents the summary of the
+  is a <code>legend</code> element, <span>represents</span> the summary of the
   details.</p>
 
   <p>If the first element is not a <code>legend</code> element, the
@@ -34441,7 +34471,7 @@
   detect when a row/selection has been deleted, activated, etc, by the
   user (delete key, enter key, etc).</p> <!-- XXXPA -->
 
-  <p>The <code>datagrid</code> element represents an interactive
+  <p>The <code>datagrid</code> element <span>represents</span> an interactive
   representation of tree, list, or tabular data.</p>
 
   <p>The data being presented can come either from the content, as
@@ -36444,15 +36474,15 @@
 
    <dt>The <dfn title="attr-command-type-state-command">Command</dfn> state</dt>
 
-   <dd><p>The element represents a normal command with an associated action.</p></dd>
+   <dd><p>The element <span>represents</span> a normal command with an associated action.</p></dd>
 
    <dt>The <dfn title="attr-command-type-state-checkbox">Checkbox</dfn> state</dt>
 
-   <dd><p>The element represents a state or option that can be toggled.</p></dd>
+   <dd><p>The element <span>represents</span> a state or option that can be toggled.</p></dd>
 
    <dt>The <dfn title="attr-command-type-state-radio">Radio</dfn> state</dt>
 
-   <dd><p>The element represents a selection of one item from a list of items.</p></dd>
+   <dd><p>The element <span>represents</span> a selection of one item from a list of items.</p></dd>
 
   </dl>
 
@@ -36676,10 +36706,11 @@
 
   <p>When the element has no descendant element children and has no
   descendant <span>text node</span> children of non-zero length, the
-  element represents a browser button with a user-agent-defined icon
-  or text representing the <code title="attr-bb-type">type</code>
-  attribute's state's <i>action</i> and <i>relevance</i> (enabled vs
-  disabled). Otherwise, the element represents its descendants.</p>
+  element <span>represents</span> a browser button with a
+  user-agent-defined icon or text representing the <code
+  title="attr-bb-type">type</code> attribute's state's <i>action</i>
+  and <i>relevance</i> (enabled vs disabled). Otherwise, the element
+  <span>represents</span> its children.</p>
 
   <p>The <dfn title="dom-bb-type"><code>type</code></dfn> DOM
   attribute must <span>reflect</span> the content attribute of the
@@ -36827,20 +36858,20 @@
   <p>If a <code>menu</code> element's <code
   title="attr-menu-type">type</code> attribute is in the <span
   title="context menu state">context menu</span> state, then the
-  element represents the commands of a context menu, and the user can
+  element <span>represents</span> the commands of a context menu, and the user can
   only interact with the commands if that context menu is
   activated.</p>
 
   <p>If a <code>menu</code> element's <code
   title="attr-menu-type">type</code> attribute is in the <span
   title="tool bar state">tool bar</span> state, then the element
-  represents a list of active commands that the user can immediately
+  <span>represents</span> a list of active commands that the user can immediately
   interact with.</p>
 
   <p>If a <code>menu</code> element's <code
   title="attr-menu-type">type</code> attribute is in the <span
   title="list state">list</span> state, then the element either
-  represents an unordered list of items (each represented by an
+  <span>represents</span> an unordered list of items (each represented by an
   <code>li</code> element), each of which represents a command that
   the user can perform or activate, or, if the element has no
   <code>li</code> element children, <span>flow content</span>
@@ -37709,7 +37740,7 @@
    </dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>legend</code> element represents a title or explanatory
+  <p>The <code>legend</code> element <span>represents</span> a title or explanatory
   caption for the rest of the contents of the <code>legend</code>
   element's parent element.</p>
 
@@ -37738,14 +37769,14 @@
    <dd>Uses <code>HTMLElement</code>.</dd>
   </dl>
 
-  <p>The <code>div</code> element represents nothing at all. It can be
-  used with the <code title="attr-class">class</code>, <code
+  <p>The <code>div</code> element has no special meaning at all. It
+  <span>represents</span> its children. It can be used with the <code
+  title="attr-class">class</code>, <code
   title="attr-lang">lang</code>/<code
   title="attr-xml-lang">xml:lang</code>, and <code
   title="attr-title">title</code> attributes to mark up semantics
   common to a group of consecutive elements.</p>
 
-
   <p class="XXX">Allowing <code>div</code> elements to contain
   phrasing content makes it easy for authors to abuse
   <code>div</code>, using it with the <code>class=""</code> attribute
@@ -61064,6 +61095,11 @@
   expected behavior by translating from the CSS rules given in this
   section.</p>
 
+  <p>In the absence of style-layer rules to the contrary (e.g. author
+  style sheets), user agents are expected to render an element so that
+  it conveys to the user the meaning that the element
+  <dfn>represents</dfn>, as described by this specification.</p>
+
   <p>The suggestions in this section generally assume a visual output
   medium with a resolution of 96dpi or greater, but HTML is intended
   to apply to multiple media (it is a <i>media-independent</i>
@@ -61840,9 +61876,9 @@
 table { border-style: outset; }
 td, th { border-style: inset; }
 
+[dir=ltr] { direction: lrt; unicode-bidi: embed; }
 [dir=rtl] { direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; }
-[dir=ltr] { direction: lrt; unicode-bidi: embed; }
-bdo[dir] { unicode-bidi: bidi-override; }</pre>
+bdo[dir=ltr], bdo[dir=rtl] { unicode-bidi: bidi-override; }</pre>
 
   <p>In addition, rules setting the 'quotes' property appropriately
   for the locales and languages understood by the user are expected to
@@ -62007,7 +62043,7 @@
 
   <p class="XXX">...</p>
 
-  <!-- applet, audio, canvas, embed, iframe, img, input type=image, object, video -->
+  <!-- applet, canvas, embed, iframe, img, input type=image, object, video -->
   <!-- <code>input</code> elements whose <code title="attr-input-type">type</code> attribute is in the <span title="attr-input-type-image">Image Button</span> state -->
 
   <!--
@@ -62028,7 +62064,9 @@
   <p class="XXX">Terms that need to be defined include: <dfn>sizing
   of embedded content</dfn></p>
 
+  <!-- audio -->
 
+
   <h4>Fragment identifiers</h4>
 
   <p class="XXX">(need to remove "must" and reword) CSS UAs in visual
@@ -62352,8 +62390,14 @@
   <!-- being able to cycle through them -->
   <!-- showing them on the scroll bar -->
 
+  <p class="XXX">The rendering section will eventually suggest
+  that user agents provide a way to let users jump between
+  <code>mark</code> elements. Suggested rendering is a neon yellow
+  background highlight, though UAs maybe should allow this to be
+  toggled.</p>
 
 
+
   <h4>The <code title="attr-contenteditable">contenteditable</code> attribute</h4>
 
   <p class="XXX">...</p>




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